Determination of lithological differences and hydrothermal alteration areas by remote sensing studies: Kisacik (Ayvacik-Canakkale, Biga Peninsula, Turkey)
Keywords:
Biga Peninsula, mapping of lithological differences, hydrothermal alteration, remote sensing, geographic information systems, Ayvacik
Abstract
Within the scope of the study, it was attempted to determine the lithological differences of Kısacık and its surroundings (Ayvacık, Çanakkale/Turkey) and to determine the hydrothermal alteration areas in the area by remote sensing studies backed by Geographic Information Systems (GIS). At the beginning of the study, aerial photographs and Landsat 7 TM + satellite image of the area were obtained and photogeology studies were conducted on aerial photographs. Subsequently, all the general geology and geochemistry data obtained during field studies were transferred to the digital environment with the help of GIS software, thus creating a comprehensive database for the area. Within the scope of remote sensing studies, after atmospheric noises of Landsat 7 TM+ satellite image was filtered and necessary geometric corrections were made, the image was then enhanced using various contrast applications, filtering and color band combinations. The last stage was the process of extracting information from the image by using techniques such as band proportion, principal component analysis (PCA) and image classification methods. As a result of GIS backed remote sensing studies, it was observed that the lithological differences determined by classical field studies in the area were also confirmed by remote sensing studies, so that the remote sensing studies to be performed before the classical geological studies can contribute significantly to reducing the workload to be performed in the field. It has also been found that remote sensing studies allow some details that are overlooked during field studies to be noticed and to focus on these details. When potential hydrothermal alteration areas were determined with the help of remote sensing studies, it was seen that it made satisfactory contributions to classical field studies. The use of GIS backed remote sensing techniques in determining hydrothermal alteration areas, which are of great importance in mineral exploration, has shown that especially land-based workload can be reduced. The transfer of all data to digital environment with the help of GIS software enables very detailed and different sized analyzes. It is an invaluable contribution to field studies both by examining the hydrothermal alteration and lithological differences with the aerial photographs used since the past, and by determining the lithological differences, and determining the potential tectonic lines and potential hydrothermal alteration areas by remote sensing studies. The complex database created from all these data allows analysis in many dimensions at every stage of the geological study. With this study carried out in Kisacik and its surroundings, it has been observed that alteration-tectonism and mineralization are associated with each other in the epithermal gold enrichments in the area, especially the remote sensing technique made using the principal component analysis gives accurate results in the determination of hydrothermal alteration areas associated with gold mineralization in the area.
References
[1] Kalafatçıoğlu A. Geology around Ezine and Bozcaada and the age of the li-mestones and serpentines. Bulletin of the Mineral Research and Exploration 1963; 60:61–70.
[2] Gümüş A. Important lead-zinc deposits of Turkey. Symposium on Mining Geology and the Base Metals, CENTO. Ankara, Turkey: 1964:155–168.
[3] Bingöl E. Contribution a l’etude geologique de la partie centrale et Sud-est massif de Kazdağ (Turquie). France: 1968.
[4] Bingöl E. Geology of Biga Peninsula and some characteristics of Karakaya Formation. International Geodynamics Project, Report of Turkey. Ankara, Turkey: Maden Tetkik ve Arama Genel Müdürlüğü; 1975:71–77.
[5] Geis H. Kuzey Kazdağ’ının Jeolojik yapısı. Ankara: 1953.
[6] Aslaner M. Etude geologique et petrographique de la reglech d’Edremit-Havran. Ankara: 1965.
[7] Gözler MZ, Ergül E, Akçören F, Genç ŞU, Acar Ş. Çanakkale boğazı doğusu-Marmara Denizi güneyi- Bandırma, Balıkesir - Edremit ve Ege Denizi arasındaki alanın jeolojisi ve kompilasyonu. Ankara: 1984.
[8] Bingöl E, Akyürek B, Korkmazer, B. Biga Yarımadasının jeolojisi ve Karakaya Formasyonu ‘nun bazı özellikleri. Cumhuriyetin 50. Yılı Yerbilimleri Kongresi Tebliğleri. M.T.A. Enstitüsü, Ankara: 1973:70–77.
[9] Okay AI, Siyako M, Bürkan KA. Biga yarımadasının jeolojisi ve tektonik evrimi. Türkiye Petrol Jeologları Derneği Bülteni 1990; 2:83–121.
[10] Okay A., Satır M, Maltiski H, Siyako M, Metzger R, Akyüz S. Paleo- and Neo-Tethyan events in Northwest Turkey: geoiogical and geochronological constraints. Tectonics of Asia. Cambridge University Pres; 1996:420–421.
[11] Okay AI. Was the Late Triassic orogeny in Turkey caused by the collision of an oceanic plateau? Geological Society Special Publication 2000; 173:25–41.
[12] Siyako M, Bürkan K, Okay A. Biga ve Gelibolu Yarımadalarının Tersiyer Jeolojisi ve hidrokarbon olanakları. Türkiye Petrol Jeologları Derneği Bülteni 1989; 1:183–200.
[13] Karacık Z. Ezine-Ayvacık (Çanakkale) dolayında genç volkanizma plütonizma ilişkileri. İstanbul Techical University, İstanbul Turkey, 1995.
[14] Karacık Z, Yılmaz Y. Geology of the ignimbrites and the associated volcano-plutonic complex of the Ezine area, Northwestern Anatolia. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 1998; 85:251–264.
[15] Genç ŞC. Evolution of the Bayramiç magmatic complex, Northwestern Anatolia. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 1998; 85:233–249.
[16] Okay AI, Satir M. Upper Cretaceous eclogite-facies metamorphic rocks from the Biga Peninsula, Northwest Turkey. Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences 2000; 9:47–56.
[17] Robertson AHF, Dixon JE, Brown S, Collins A, Morris A, Pickett E, Sharp I, Ustaömer T. Alternative tectonic models for the Late Palaeozoic-Early Tertiary development of Tethys in the Eastern Mediterranean region. Geological Society Special Publication 1996; 105:239–263.
[18] Robertson AHF, Ustaomer T. Role of tectonic-sedimentary melange and Permian–Triassic cover units, central southern Turkey in Tethyan continental margin evolution. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 2011; 40:98–120.
[19] Ustaömer T, Robertson AHF, Ustaömer PA, Gerdes A, Peytcheva I. Constraints on Variscan and Cimmerian magmatism and metamorphism in the Pontides (Yusufeli–Artvin area), NE Turkey from U–Pb dating and granite geochemistry. In: Robertson AHF, Parlak O, Ünlügenç UC (eds.), Geological Development of Anatolia and the Easternmost Mediterranean Region. Geological Society of London Special Publications;372; 2013:49–74.
[20] Ustaömer T, Robertson AHF. Late Palaeozoic-Early Cenozoic tectonic development of the Eastern Pontides (Artvin area), Turkey: Stages of closure of Tethys along the southern margin of Eurasia. Geological Society Special Publication 2010; 340:281–327.
[21] Yılmaz Y, Tüysüz O, Yiğitbaş E, Genç ŞC, Şengör AMC. Geology and tectonics of the Pontides. In: Robinson AG (ed.), Regional and Petroleum Geology of the Black Sea and Surrounding Region. American Association of Petroleum Geologists, AAPG Studies in Geology; 1997:183–226.
[22] Beccaletto L, Jenny C. Geology and correlation of the Ezine zone: A rhodope fragment in NW Turkey? Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences 2003; 12:145–176.
[23] Göncüoǧlu MC, Gürsu S, Tekin UK, Köksal S. New data on the evolution of the neotethyan oceanic branches in Turkey: Late Jurassic ridge spreading in the intra-pontide branch. Ofioliti 2008; 33:153–164.
[24] Duru M, Van P, Pehlivan S, Sentürk Y, Yavas F, Kar H. New results on the lithpstratigraphy of the Kazdag Massif in northwest Turkey. Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences 2004; 13:177–186.
[25] Göncüoǧlu MC, Göncüoǧlu Y, Kozur HW, Kozlu H. Paleozoic stratigraphy of the Geyi̇k Daǧi unit in the Eastern Taurides (Turkey): New age data and implications for Gondwanan evolution. Geologica Carpathica 2004; 55:433–447.
[26] Pickett E, Robertson AHF. Significance of the Triassic volcanogenic Nilüfer Unit for Paleotethys and the Karakaya suture zone in NW Turkey. Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences 2004; 13:97–143.
[27] Beccaletto L. Geology, correlations, and geodynamic evolution of the Biga Peninsula (NW Turkey). 2006.
[28] Erdem E. Tongurlu Yeşilköy Sarıot Çanakkale İli Bayramiç İlçesi Yöresinin Maden Jeolojisi Raporu. 1976.
[29] Pehlivan N, Çetin A, Andiç T, Kayhan F, Demiray B, Yüce N, Karabalık N, Demirdelen M. Edremit (Balıkesir)-Ezine-Bayramiç-Yenice (Çanakkale) Çevresinin Polimetal Altın Ağırlıklı Polimetal ve Ağır Mineral Çalışmaları Raporu. 1997.
[30] Vural A. Bayramiç (Çanakkale) ve Çevresindeki Altın Zenginleşmelerinin Araştırılması. Ankara University, 2006.
[31] Vural A, Aydal D. Using soil geochemistry for gold exploration:Ayvacık (Çanakkale-Northwest Turkey). 34th National and the 2nd International Geosciences Congress proceedings book. 22-24 Feb. 2016 Tehran, Iran. 2016.
[32] Bozkaya G, Gökce A. Lead and sulfur isotope studies of the Koru (Çanakkale, Turkey) lead-zinc deposits. Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences 2009; 18:127–137.
[33] Orgün Y, Gültekin A., Önal A. Geology, mineralogy and fluid inclusion data from the Arapuçandere Pb–Zn–Cu–Ag deposit, Çanakkale, Turkey. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 2005; 25:629–642.
[34] [34] Çiçek M, Oyman T. Origin and evolution of hydrothermal fluids in epithermal Pb-Zn-Cu ± Au ± Ag deposits at Koru and Tesbihdere mining districts , Çanakkale , Pliocene volcanics. Ore Geology Reviews 2016; 78:176–195.
[35] Banks DA, Bozkaya G, Bozkaya O. Comment on “Origin and evolution of hydrothermal fluids in epithermal Pb-Zn-Cu + Au + Ag deposits at Koru and Tesbihdere mining districts, Canakkale, Biga Peninsula, NW Turkey†by Mustafa Cicek and Tolga Oyman, [Ore Geology Review, 2016, 78, 176–195]. Ore Geology Reviews 2017; 86:971–976.
[36] Ercan HÜ, Işik Ece, Schroeder PA, Karacik Z. Differentiating styles of alteration within kaolin-alunite hydrothermal deposits Of çanakkale, NW Turkey. Clays and Clay Minerals 2016; 64:245–274.
[37] Bozkaya G, Banks DA. Physico-chemical controls on ore deposition in the Arapucandere Pb – Zn – Cu-precious metal deposit , Biga Peninsula , NW Turkey. Ore Geology Reviews 2015; 66:65–81.
[38] Karacik Z, Yilmaz Y, Pearce JA, Ece ÖI. Petrochemistry of the south Marmara granitoids, northwest Anatolia, Turkey. International Journal of Earth Sciences 2008; 97:1181–1200.
[39] Vural A. Avliyana (Torul-Gümüşhane) Antimonit Cevherleşmesinin Jeolojisi-Mineralojisi ve Kökeninin Araştırılması. Gümüşhane: 2016.
[40] Vural A, Çorumluoğlu Ö, Asri İ. Investigation of Litologic structures and Alterations in Hazine Cave and Dere Mine regions in Turkey by Remote Sensing Techniques. TUFUAB VI. Technical Symposium, 21th February, Antalya (in Turkish with English abstract). 2011.
[41] Aydal D, Vural A, Taşdelen-Uslu İ, Aydal, Emine G. Crosta Tecninique Aplication on Bayramic (Alakeçi-Kisacik) Mineralized Area By Using Landsat 7 TM Data. 30th Anniversary Fikret Kurtman Geology Symposium, Selçuk Univ. Geology Eng. Dep. Absracts Book, (in Turkish with English abstract). 2006:195.
[42] Aydal D, Vural A, Taşdelen-Uslu İ, Aydal, Emine G. Crosta Technique Application On Bayramic (Alakeçi-Kısacık) Mineralized Area By Using Landsat 7 Etm+ Data. J FacEngArch Selcuk Univ 2007; 22:29–40.
[43] Aydal D, Vural A, Taşdelen-Uslu İ, Aydal, Emine G. Investigation of Kuşçayırı-Kartaldağı (Bayramiç-Çanakkale) mineral enhancement region by Crosta technique with LANDSAT 7 ETM+ bands. Technical University of İstanbul, First Remote Sensing Workshop and panel book, 11p in Turkish with English abstract. 2006.
[44] Aydal D, Vural A, Polat O. Definition Of The Base Metal And Gold Bearing Hydrotermally Altered Areas In Volcanic Rocks Using By Landsat 7 TM Imagery: Case Study From Bayramiç (Çanakkale). Abstracts of 57th Geology Congress, Turkey,. Turkey: 2004:89–90.
[45] Gupta R. Remote Sensing Geology. 2nd ed. Springer- Verlag: Berlin, Heidelberg, New York; 2003.
[46] Roonwal G. Mineral Exploration: Practical Application. 2018.
[47] Vural A, Corumluoglu Ö, Asri İ. Remote sensing technique for capturing and exploration of mineral deposit sites in Gumushane metallogenic province, NE Turkey. Journal of the Geological Society of India 2017; 90:628–633.
[48] Corumluoglu O, Vural A, Asri I. Determination of Kula basalts (geosite) in Turkey using remote sensing techniques. Arabian Journal of Geosciences 2015; 8:10105–10117.
[49] Vural A. Assessment of Sessile Oak (Quercus petraea L.) Leaf as Bioindicator for Exploration Geochemistry. Acta Physica Polonica A 2016; 130:191–193.
[50] Vural A, Çorumluoğlu Ö, Asri İ. Investigation of alteration areas by Crosta using LANDSAT images for Old Gumushane (Suleymaniye) and its near vicinity. Journal of Natural Science Institute of Gumushane University 2012; 2:36–48.
[51] Okay AI, Satir M. Coeval plutonism and metamorphism in a latest Oligocene metamorphic core complex in northwest Turkey. Geological Magazine 2000; 137:495–516.
[52] Vural A, Aydal D, Akpınar İ. A low sulphur epithermal gold mineralization in Kisacik-Ayvacik area (Çanakkale-Turkey). Goldschmidt Conference Abstracts. Prague, Czech Republic: 2011:2105.
[53] Vural A, Aydal D. Soil geochemical prospeting at lisvenite area, Bayramiç, (Çanakkale Turkey). 34th National and the 2nd International Geosciences Congress proceedings book. 22-24 Feb. 2016 Tehran, Iran. 2016.
[54] Yılmaz Y. An approach to the origin of young volcanic rocks of western Turkey. In: Şengör AMC (ed.), Tectonic Evolution of the TethyWl Region. Kluwer, The Hague; 1989:159–189.
[55] Yılmaz Y. Comparison of young volcanic associations of western and eastern Anatolia formed under a compressional regime: a review. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 1990; 44:69–87.
[56] Krushensky RD. Neogene calc-alkaline extrusive and intrusive rocks of the Karalar-Yeşiller area, Northwest Anatolia, Turkey. Bulletin of Volcanology 1976; 40:336–360.
[57] Fytikas M, Giuliani O, Innocenti F, Marinelli G, Mazzuoli R. Geochronological data on recent magmatism of the Aegean sea. Tectonophysics 1976; 31:29–34.
[58] Bingöl E, Delaoye M, Ataman G. Granitic Intrusions in western Anatolia: a contribution to the geodynamic study of this area. Eclogae Geologicae Helvetiae 1982; 75:437–446.
[59] Tangestani MH, Moore F. Iron oxide and hydroxyl enhancement using the Crosta Method: A case study from the Zagros Belt, Fars Province, Iran. ITC Journal 2000; 2:140–146.
[60] Corumluoglu O, Vural A, Asri I. Determination of Kula basalts (geosite) in Turkey using remote sensing techniques. Arabian Journal of Geosciences 2015; 8.
[61] Crosta A, Moore JM. Enhancement of Landsat Thematic Mapper imagery for residual soil mapping in SW Minais Gerais State, Brazil: a prospecting case history in Greenstone belt terrain. Proceedings of the 7th ERIM Thematic Conference: Remote sensing for exploration geology. 1989:1173–1187.
[62] Rutz-Armenta J, Prol-Ledesma RM. Techniques for enhancing the spectral response of hydrothermal alteration minerals in Thematic Mapper images of Central Mexico. International Journal of Remote Sensing 1998; 19:1981–2000.
[63] Vural A, Corumluoglu O, Asri İ. Exploring Gördes Zeolite Sites by Feature Oriented Principle Component Analysis of LANDSAT Images. Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences 2016; 14:285–298.
[64] Crosta AP, Sabine C. High-Spectral Resolution Remote Sensing for Mapping in the Bodie and Paramount. International Archives of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing 1996; XXXI:161–166.
[65] Sabins FF. Remote sensing for mineral exploration. Ore Geology Reviews 1999; 14:157–183.
[2] Gümüş A. Important lead-zinc deposits of Turkey. Symposium on Mining Geology and the Base Metals, CENTO. Ankara, Turkey: 1964:155–168.
[3] Bingöl E. Contribution a l’etude geologique de la partie centrale et Sud-est massif de Kazdağ (Turquie). France: 1968.
[4] Bingöl E. Geology of Biga Peninsula and some characteristics of Karakaya Formation. International Geodynamics Project, Report of Turkey. Ankara, Turkey: Maden Tetkik ve Arama Genel Müdürlüğü; 1975:71–77.
[5] Geis H. Kuzey Kazdağ’ının Jeolojik yapısı. Ankara: 1953.
[6] Aslaner M. Etude geologique et petrographique de la reglech d’Edremit-Havran. Ankara: 1965.
[7] Gözler MZ, Ergül E, Akçören F, Genç ŞU, Acar Ş. Çanakkale boğazı doğusu-Marmara Denizi güneyi- Bandırma, Balıkesir - Edremit ve Ege Denizi arasındaki alanın jeolojisi ve kompilasyonu. Ankara: 1984.
[8] Bingöl E, Akyürek B, Korkmazer, B. Biga Yarımadasının jeolojisi ve Karakaya Formasyonu ‘nun bazı özellikleri. Cumhuriyetin 50. Yılı Yerbilimleri Kongresi Tebliğleri. M.T.A. Enstitüsü, Ankara: 1973:70–77.
[9] Okay AI, Siyako M, Bürkan KA. Biga yarımadasının jeolojisi ve tektonik evrimi. Türkiye Petrol Jeologları Derneği Bülteni 1990; 2:83–121.
[10] Okay A., Satır M, Maltiski H, Siyako M, Metzger R, Akyüz S. Paleo- and Neo-Tethyan events in Northwest Turkey: geoiogical and geochronological constraints. Tectonics of Asia. Cambridge University Pres; 1996:420–421.
[11] Okay AI. Was the Late Triassic orogeny in Turkey caused by the collision of an oceanic plateau? Geological Society Special Publication 2000; 173:25–41.
[12] Siyako M, Bürkan K, Okay A. Biga ve Gelibolu Yarımadalarının Tersiyer Jeolojisi ve hidrokarbon olanakları. Türkiye Petrol Jeologları Derneği Bülteni 1989; 1:183–200.
[13] Karacık Z. Ezine-Ayvacık (Çanakkale) dolayında genç volkanizma plütonizma ilişkileri. İstanbul Techical University, İstanbul Turkey, 1995.
[14] Karacık Z, Yılmaz Y. Geology of the ignimbrites and the associated volcano-plutonic complex of the Ezine area, Northwestern Anatolia. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 1998; 85:251–264.
[15] Genç ŞC. Evolution of the Bayramiç magmatic complex, Northwestern Anatolia. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 1998; 85:233–249.
[16] Okay AI, Satir M. Upper Cretaceous eclogite-facies metamorphic rocks from the Biga Peninsula, Northwest Turkey. Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences 2000; 9:47–56.
[17] Robertson AHF, Dixon JE, Brown S, Collins A, Morris A, Pickett E, Sharp I, Ustaömer T. Alternative tectonic models for the Late Palaeozoic-Early Tertiary development of Tethys in the Eastern Mediterranean region. Geological Society Special Publication 1996; 105:239–263.
[18] Robertson AHF, Ustaomer T. Role of tectonic-sedimentary melange and Permian–Triassic cover units, central southern Turkey in Tethyan continental margin evolution. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 2011; 40:98–120.
[19] Ustaömer T, Robertson AHF, Ustaömer PA, Gerdes A, Peytcheva I. Constraints on Variscan and Cimmerian magmatism and metamorphism in the Pontides (Yusufeli–Artvin area), NE Turkey from U–Pb dating and granite geochemistry. In: Robertson AHF, Parlak O, Ünlügenç UC (eds.), Geological Development of Anatolia and the Easternmost Mediterranean Region. Geological Society of London Special Publications;372; 2013:49–74.
[20] Ustaömer T, Robertson AHF. Late Palaeozoic-Early Cenozoic tectonic development of the Eastern Pontides (Artvin area), Turkey: Stages of closure of Tethys along the southern margin of Eurasia. Geological Society Special Publication 2010; 340:281–327.
[21] Yılmaz Y, Tüysüz O, Yiğitbaş E, Genç ŞC, Şengör AMC. Geology and tectonics of the Pontides. In: Robinson AG (ed.), Regional and Petroleum Geology of the Black Sea and Surrounding Region. American Association of Petroleum Geologists, AAPG Studies in Geology; 1997:183–226.
[22] Beccaletto L, Jenny C. Geology and correlation of the Ezine zone: A rhodope fragment in NW Turkey? Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences 2003; 12:145–176.
[23] Göncüoǧlu MC, Gürsu S, Tekin UK, Köksal S. New data on the evolution of the neotethyan oceanic branches in Turkey: Late Jurassic ridge spreading in the intra-pontide branch. Ofioliti 2008; 33:153–164.
[24] Duru M, Van P, Pehlivan S, Sentürk Y, Yavas F, Kar H. New results on the lithpstratigraphy of the Kazdag Massif in northwest Turkey. Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences 2004; 13:177–186.
[25] Göncüoǧlu MC, Göncüoǧlu Y, Kozur HW, Kozlu H. Paleozoic stratigraphy of the Geyi̇k Daǧi unit in the Eastern Taurides (Turkey): New age data and implications for Gondwanan evolution. Geologica Carpathica 2004; 55:433–447.
[26] Pickett E, Robertson AHF. Significance of the Triassic volcanogenic Nilüfer Unit for Paleotethys and the Karakaya suture zone in NW Turkey. Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences 2004; 13:97–143.
[27] Beccaletto L. Geology, correlations, and geodynamic evolution of the Biga Peninsula (NW Turkey). 2006.
[28] Erdem E. Tongurlu Yeşilköy Sarıot Çanakkale İli Bayramiç İlçesi Yöresinin Maden Jeolojisi Raporu. 1976.
[29] Pehlivan N, Çetin A, Andiç T, Kayhan F, Demiray B, Yüce N, Karabalık N, Demirdelen M. Edremit (Balıkesir)-Ezine-Bayramiç-Yenice (Çanakkale) Çevresinin Polimetal Altın Ağırlıklı Polimetal ve Ağır Mineral Çalışmaları Raporu. 1997.
[30] Vural A. Bayramiç (Çanakkale) ve Çevresindeki Altın Zenginleşmelerinin Araştırılması. Ankara University, 2006.
[31] Vural A, Aydal D. Using soil geochemistry for gold exploration:Ayvacık (Çanakkale-Northwest Turkey). 34th National and the 2nd International Geosciences Congress proceedings book. 22-24 Feb. 2016 Tehran, Iran. 2016.
[32] Bozkaya G, Gökce A. Lead and sulfur isotope studies of the Koru (Çanakkale, Turkey) lead-zinc deposits. Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences 2009; 18:127–137.
[33] Orgün Y, Gültekin A., Önal A. Geology, mineralogy and fluid inclusion data from the Arapuçandere Pb–Zn–Cu–Ag deposit, Çanakkale, Turkey. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 2005; 25:629–642.
[34] [34] Çiçek M, Oyman T. Origin and evolution of hydrothermal fluids in epithermal Pb-Zn-Cu ± Au ± Ag deposits at Koru and Tesbihdere mining districts , Çanakkale , Pliocene volcanics. Ore Geology Reviews 2016; 78:176–195.
[35] Banks DA, Bozkaya G, Bozkaya O. Comment on “Origin and evolution of hydrothermal fluids in epithermal Pb-Zn-Cu + Au + Ag deposits at Koru and Tesbihdere mining districts, Canakkale, Biga Peninsula, NW Turkey†by Mustafa Cicek and Tolga Oyman, [Ore Geology Review, 2016, 78, 176–195]. Ore Geology Reviews 2017; 86:971–976.
[36] Ercan HÜ, Işik Ece, Schroeder PA, Karacik Z. Differentiating styles of alteration within kaolin-alunite hydrothermal deposits Of çanakkale, NW Turkey. Clays and Clay Minerals 2016; 64:245–274.
[37] Bozkaya G, Banks DA. Physico-chemical controls on ore deposition in the Arapucandere Pb – Zn – Cu-precious metal deposit , Biga Peninsula , NW Turkey. Ore Geology Reviews 2015; 66:65–81.
[38] Karacik Z, Yilmaz Y, Pearce JA, Ece ÖI. Petrochemistry of the south Marmara granitoids, northwest Anatolia, Turkey. International Journal of Earth Sciences 2008; 97:1181–1200.
[39] Vural A. Avliyana (Torul-Gümüşhane) Antimonit Cevherleşmesinin Jeolojisi-Mineralojisi ve Kökeninin Araştırılması. Gümüşhane: 2016.
[40] Vural A, Çorumluoğlu Ö, Asri İ. Investigation of Litologic structures and Alterations in Hazine Cave and Dere Mine regions in Turkey by Remote Sensing Techniques. TUFUAB VI. Technical Symposium, 21th February, Antalya (in Turkish with English abstract). 2011.
[41] Aydal D, Vural A, Taşdelen-Uslu İ, Aydal, Emine G. Crosta Tecninique Aplication on Bayramic (Alakeçi-Kisacik) Mineralized Area By Using Landsat 7 TM Data. 30th Anniversary Fikret Kurtman Geology Symposium, Selçuk Univ. Geology Eng. Dep. Absracts Book, (in Turkish with English abstract). 2006:195.
[42] Aydal D, Vural A, Taşdelen-Uslu İ, Aydal, Emine G. Crosta Technique Application On Bayramic (Alakeçi-Kısacık) Mineralized Area By Using Landsat 7 Etm+ Data. J FacEngArch Selcuk Univ 2007; 22:29–40.
[43] Aydal D, Vural A, Taşdelen-Uslu İ, Aydal, Emine G. Investigation of Kuşçayırı-Kartaldağı (Bayramiç-Çanakkale) mineral enhancement region by Crosta technique with LANDSAT 7 ETM+ bands. Technical University of İstanbul, First Remote Sensing Workshop and panel book, 11p in Turkish with English abstract. 2006.
[44] Aydal D, Vural A, Polat O. Definition Of The Base Metal And Gold Bearing Hydrotermally Altered Areas In Volcanic Rocks Using By Landsat 7 TM Imagery: Case Study From Bayramiç (Çanakkale). Abstracts of 57th Geology Congress, Turkey,. Turkey: 2004:89–90.
[45] Gupta R. Remote Sensing Geology. 2nd ed. Springer- Verlag: Berlin, Heidelberg, New York; 2003.
[46] Roonwal G. Mineral Exploration: Practical Application. 2018.
[47] Vural A, Corumluoglu Ö, Asri İ. Remote sensing technique for capturing and exploration of mineral deposit sites in Gumushane metallogenic province, NE Turkey. Journal of the Geological Society of India 2017; 90:628–633.
[48] Corumluoglu O, Vural A, Asri I. Determination of Kula basalts (geosite) in Turkey using remote sensing techniques. Arabian Journal of Geosciences 2015; 8:10105–10117.
[49] Vural A. Assessment of Sessile Oak (Quercus petraea L.) Leaf as Bioindicator for Exploration Geochemistry. Acta Physica Polonica A 2016; 130:191–193.
[50] Vural A, Çorumluoğlu Ö, Asri İ. Investigation of alteration areas by Crosta using LANDSAT images for Old Gumushane (Suleymaniye) and its near vicinity. Journal of Natural Science Institute of Gumushane University 2012; 2:36–48.
[51] Okay AI, Satir M. Coeval plutonism and metamorphism in a latest Oligocene metamorphic core complex in northwest Turkey. Geological Magazine 2000; 137:495–516.
[52] Vural A, Aydal D, Akpınar İ. A low sulphur epithermal gold mineralization in Kisacik-Ayvacik area (Çanakkale-Turkey). Goldschmidt Conference Abstracts. Prague, Czech Republic: 2011:2105.
[53] Vural A, Aydal D. Soil geochemical prospeting at lisvenite area, Bayramiç, (Çanakkale Turkey). 34th National and the 2nd International Geosciences Congress proceedings book. 22-24 Feb. 2016 Tehran, Iran. 2016.
[54] Yılmaz Y. An approach to the origin of young volcanic rocks of western Turkey. In: Şengör AMC (ed.), Tectonic Evolution of the TethyWl Region. Kluwer, The Hague; 1989:159–189.
[55] Yılmaz Y. Comparison of young volcanic associations of western and eastern Anatolia formed under a compressional regime: a review. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 1990; 44:69–87.
[56] Krushensky RD. Neogene calc-alkaline extrusive and intrusive rocks of the Karalar-Yeşiller area, Northwest Anatolia, Turkey. Bulletin of Volcanology 1976; 40:336–360.
[57] Fytikas M, Giuliani O, Innocenti F, Marinelli G, Mazzuoli R. Geochronological data on recent magmatism of the Aegean sea. Tectonophysics 1976; 31:29–34.
[58] Bingöl E, Delaoye M, Ataman G. Granitic Intrusions in western Anatolia: a contribution to the geodynamic study of this area. Eclogae Geologicae Helvetiae 1982; 75:437–446.
[59] Tangestani MH, Moore F. Iron oxide and hydroxyl enhancement using the Crosta Method: A case study from the Zagros Belt, Fars Province, Iran. ITC Journal 2000; 2:140–146.
[60] Corumluoglu O, Vural A, Asri I. Determination of Kula basalts (geosite) in Turkey using remote sensing techniques. Arabian Journal of Geosciences 2015; 8.
[61] Crosta A, Moore JM. Enhancement of Landsat Thematic Mapper imagery for residual soil mapping in SW Minais Gerais State, Brazil: a prospecting case history in Greenstone belt terrain. Proceedings of the 7th ERIM Thematic Conference: Remote sensing for exploration geology. 1989:1173–1187.
[62] Rutz-Armenta J, Prol-Ledesma RM. Techniques for enhancing the spectral response of hydrothermal alteration minerals in Thematic Mapper images of Central Mexico. International Journal of Remote Sensing 1998; 19:1981–2000.
[63] Vural A, Corumluoglu O, Asri İ. Exploring Gördes Zeolite Sites by Feature Oriented Principle Component Analysis of LANDSAT Images. Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences 2016; 14:285–298.
[64] Crosta AP, Sabine C. High-Spectral Resolution Remote Sensing for Mapping in the Bodie and Paramount. International Archives of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing 1996; XXXI:161–166.
[65] Sabins FF. Remote sensing for mineral exploration. Ore Geology Reviews 1999; 14:157–183.
Published
2020-07-04
How to Cite
Vural, A., & Aydal, D. (2020). Determination of lithological differences and hydrothermal alteration areas by remote sensing studies: Kisacik (Ayvacik-Canakkale, Biga Peninsula, Turkey). Journal of Engineering Research and Applied Science, 9(1), 1341-1357. Retrieved from http://www.journaleras.com/index.php/jeras/article/view/193
Issue
Section
Articles
