High-fluoride risk and toxicity in surface waters in Gumushane-Gokdere valley drainage network (NE Turkey)
Keywords:
Fluoride risk/toxicity, surface water, alteration/mining area, Gumushane
Abstract
Fluoride, which is the most reactive anion in the elements, does not exist in its pure form in nature. It is found in rock-forming minerals in the lithosphere in trace amount. It is especially, found abundantly in some pegmatites, micas (muscovite, biotite), amphibole, apatite and cryolite etc. The rocks bearing these minerals are present abundantly in Gumushane province which is in the most important metallogeny zone in NE Turkey. Within the scope of the study, fluoride contents of some stream waters in Gokkdere Valley Drainage Network (NE Turkey) have been analyzed by potentiometric method. Taking into account the physicochemical conditions, samples were collected in the summer of 2017. The 17 water samples were collected from the Gokkdere Valley. 7 of them were collected from Gokkdere, 3 from Beycam, 3 from Dugunyazi, 3 from Akgedik and 1 from Nazlicayir locations. When the obtained fluoride analysis results are evaluated statistically, it was determined that fluoride concentrations changed between 0.19 to 9.87 mg/L, with an average concentration of 3.7 mg/L. So, fluoride contents of region’s surface waters have been generally observed to exceed the allowable limit (according to WHO 2004 1.5 mg/L). When the findings are evaluated in the light of geological, geochemical and geo-statistical analyzes, it is concluded that high fluoride concentration of the surface waters in the region are directly related to geological and geochemical processes. Magmatic and metamorphic rocks containing abundant fluoride-containing minerals such as amphibole, muscovite, apatite, biotite, etc. which outcrop the region. The mineralogical content of these host rock, rock-water interactions, alteration and weathering processes of the rocks on which surface waters flow have also affect on the high fluoride content in waters. Therefore, it was concluded that the high fluoride contents in the surface waters in the region are the rocks that surfaced in the region.
References
[1] Guo Q, Wang Y, Ma T, Ma R. Geochemical processes controlling the elevated fluoride concentrations in groundwaters of the Taiyuan Basin, Northern China. Journal of Geochemical Exploration 2007; 93:1–12.
[2] Kabata-Pendias A, Pendias H. Trace elements in soils and plants. Boca Raton, FL, USA: CRC Press Inc; 2001.
[3] Jacks G, Bhattacharya P, Chaudhary V, Singh KP. Controls on the genesis of some high-fluoride groundwater in India. Applied Geochemistry 2005; 20:221–228.
[4] Ozsvath DL. Fluoride concentrations in a crystalline bedrock aquifer Marathon County, Wisconsin. Environmental Geology 2006; 50:132–138.
[5] Burnham CW. Magmas and hydrothermal fluids. In: Barnes HL (ed.), Geochemistry of hydrothermal ore deposits. New York: Wiley; 1997:61–123.
[6] Harrison PTC. Fluoride in water: a UK perspective. Journal of Fluor Chemistry 2005; 126:1448–1456.
[7] Kim K, Jeong GY. Factors influencing the occurrence of fluoride-rich groundwaters: a case study in the southeastern part of the Korean Peninsula. Chemosphere 2005; 58:1399–1408.
[8] Rafique T, Naseem S, Bhanger MI, Usmani T. Fluoride ion contamination in the groundwater of Mithi sub-district, the Thar Desert, Pakistan. Environmental Geology 2008; 56:317–326.
[9] Kim Y, Kim JY, Kim K. Geochemical characteristics of fluoride in groundwater of Gimcheon, Korea: Lithogenic and agricultural origins. Environmental Earth Sciences 2011; 63:1139–1148.
[10] Ayenew T. The distribution and hydrogeological controls of fluoride in the groundwater of central Ethiopian rift and adjacent highlands. Environmental Geology 2008; 54:1313–1324.
[11] Kundu MC, Mandal B. Agricultural activities influence nitrate and fluoride contamination in drinking groundwater of an intensively cultivated district in India. Water Air Soil Pollut 2009; 198:243–252.
[12] Ayoob S, Gupta A. Fluoride in drinking water: a review on the status and stress effects. Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology 2006; 36:433–487.
[13] Handa B. Geochemistry and genesis of fluoride-contamination ground waters in India. Ground Water 1975; 13:275–281.
[14] Corbett RG, Manner BM. Fluoride in the ground water of northeastern Ohio. Ground Water 1984; 22:1317.
[15] Sarma DRR, Rao SLN. Fluoride concentrations in ground waters of Visakhapatnam, India. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 1997; 58:241.
[16] Wang Y, Reardon EJ. Activation and regeneration of a soil sorbent for defluoridation of drinking water. Applied Geochemistry 2001; 16:531–539.
[17] Krunić O, Parlić S, PolomÄić D, Jovanović M, Erić S. Origin of fluorine in mineral waters of Bujanovac valley (Serbia, Europe). Geochemistry International 2013; 51:205–220.
[18] Keshavarzi B, Moore F, Esmaeili A, Rastmanesh F. The source of fluoride toxicity in Muteh area, Isfahan, Iran. Environmental Earth Sciences 2010; 61:777–786.
[19] Meenakshi VK, Garg K, Renuka AM. Groundwater quality in some villages of Haryana, India: focus on fluoride and fluorosis. Journal of Hazardous Materials 2004; 106:85–97.
[20] Hu S, Luo T, Jing C. Principal component analysis of fluoride geochemistry of groundwater in Shanxi and Inner Mongolia, China. Journal of Geochemical Exploration 2013; 135:124–129.
[21] Zango MS, Sunkari ED, Abu M, Lermi A. Hydrogeochemical controls and human health risk assessment of groundwater fluoride and boron in the semi-arid North East region of Ghana. Journal of Geochemical Exploration 2019; 207:106363.
[22] WHO. Fluorides and Oral Health: Report of a WHO Expert Committee on Oral Health Status and Fluoride Use, Technical Report Series 846, World Health Organization, Geneva. 1994.
[23] WHO. Drinking-water Background document for development of WHO Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality. Geneva: World Health Organization. 2004.
[24] YSKY. Yerüstü Su Kalitesi Yönetmeliği, Resmi Gazete Sayı: 29797, Tarih:10 Ağustos 2016. 2016.
[25] Vural A. Evaluation of Soil Geochemistry Data of Canca (Gümüşhane-Ne Turkey) By Processing Inverse Distance Weighting and Kriging Interpolation Methods-First Findings. Bulletin of the Mineral Research and Exploration 2019; 158:195–216.
[26] Vural A, Ersen F. Geology, mineralogy and geochemistry of manganese mineralization in Gumushane, Turkey. Journal of Engineering Research and Applied Science 2019; 8:1051–1059.
[27] Vural A, Kaygusuz A, Dönmez H. Geological, Geochemical and Geochronological Investigation of Avliyana Antimonite Mineralization. 8th Geochemistry Symposium. 02-04 May 2018 Antalya: 2018:123–124.
[28] Vural A, Kaygusuz A. Paleozoyik Yaşlı Artabel Plütonunun (Gümüşhane) Petrografik ve Jeokimyasal Özellikleri. 3. Uluslararası GAP Matematik-Mühendislik-Fen ve Sağılık Bilimleri Kongresi. 29 Kasım-01 Aralık 2019. Şanlıurfa, Türkiye: İKSAD; 2019.
[29] Vural A. Investigation of the radiation risk to the inhabitants in the region close to the hydrothermal alteration site, Gümüşhane/Turkey. Journal of Engineering Research and Applied Science 2019; 8.
[30] Topuz G, Altherr R, Schwarz WH, Dokuz A, Meyer HP. Variscan amphibolite-facies rocks from the Kurtoǧlu metamorphic complex (Gümüşhane area, Eastern Pontides, Turkey). International Journal of Earth Sciences 2007; 96:861–873.
[31] Yılmaz Y. Petrology and structure of the Gümüşhane granite and surrounding rocks, NE Anatolia. 1972.
[32] Vural A, Kaygusuz A. Petrology of the Paleozoic Plutons in Eastern Pontides: Artabel Pluton (Gümüşhane, NE Turkey). Journal of Engineering Research and Applied Science 2019; 8.
[33] Kaygusuz A, Arslan M, Siebel W, Sipahi F, Ilbeyli N. Geochronological evidence and tectonic significance of Carboniferous magmatism in the southwest Trabzon area, eastern Pontides, Turkey. International Geology Review 2012; 54:1776–1800.
[34] Kaygusuz A, Arslan M, Sipahi F, Temizel İ. U-Pb zircon chronology and petrogenesis of Carboniferous plutons in the northern part of the Eastern Pontides, NE Turkey: Constraints for Paleozoic magmatism and geodynamic evolution. Gondwana Research 2016; 39:327–346.
[35] Kandemir R. Gümüşhane ve Yakın Yörelerindeki Erken-Orta Jura Yaşlı Şenköy Formasyonu’nun Çökel Özellikleri ve Birikim Koşulları. Trabzon: 2004.
[36] Eren M. Gümüşhane-Kale Arasının Jeolojisi ve Mikrofasiyes incelemesi. Trabzon: 1983.
[37] Pelin S. Alucra (Giresun) Güneydoğu yöresinin petrol olanaklan bakımından jeolojik incelemesi. Trabzon: Karadeniz Teknik Üniversitesi Yayını, Yayın No. 87; 1977.
[38] Tokel S. Stratigraphical and volcanic history of Gümüşhane region. 1972.
[39] Kaygusuz A, Siebel W, Şen C, Satır M. Petrochemistry and petrology of I-type granitoids in an arc setting: The composite Torul pluton, Eastern Pontides, NE Turkey. International Journal of Earth Sciences 2008; 97:739–764.
[40] Kaygusuz A, Siebel W, İlbeyli N, Arslan M, Satır M, Şen C. Insight into magma genesis at convergent plate margins. A case study from the eastern Pontides (NE Turkey). Neues Jahrbuch Für Mineralogie 2010; 187/3: 265–287.
[41] Kaygusuz A, Arslan M, Siebel W, Şen C. Geochemical and Sr-Nd isotopic characteristics of post-collisional calc-alkaline volcanics in the Eastern Pontides (NE Turkey). Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences 2011; 20: 137–159.
[42] Kaygusuz A, Şen C. Calc-alkaline I-type plutons in the eastern Pontides, NE Turkey: U-Pb zircon ages, geochemical and Sr-Nd isotopic compositions. Chemie der Erde 2011; 71: 59–75.
[43] Kaygusuz A, Aydınçakır E. Petrogenesis of a Late Cretaceous composite pluton from the eastern Pontides: the Dağbaşi pluton, NE Turkey. Neues Jahrbuch Für Mineralogie - Abhandlungen 2011; 188:211–233.
[44] Sipahi F, Kaygusuz A, Saydam Eker, Vural A, Akpınar İ. Late Cretaceous arc igneous activity: the Eğrikar Monzogranite example. International Geology Review 2018; 60:382–400.
[45] Karslı O, Dokuz A, Uysal İ, Aydın F, Chen B, Kandemir R, Wijbrans J. Relative contributions of crust and mantle to generation of Campanian high-K calc-alkaline I-type granitoids in a subduction setting, with special reference to the Harşit Pluton (Eastern Turkey). Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 2010; 160: 467–487.
[46] Arslan M, Aliyazıcıoğlu İ. Geochemical and petrological characteristics of the Kale (Gümüşhane) volcanic rocks: Implications for the Eocene evolution of eastern Pontide arc volcanism, northeast Turkey. International Geology Review 2001; 43:595–610.
[47] Güven İ. Doğu Pontidlerin 1/25000 Ölçekli Kompilasyonu. Ankara: MTA Genel Müdürlüğü; 1993.
[48] Kaygusuz A, Arslan M, Siebel W, Şen C. Geochemical and Sr-Nd isotopic characteristics of post-collisional calc-alkaline volcanics in the Eastern Pontides (NE Turkey). Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences 2011; 20: 137–159.
[49] Aslan Z, Arslan M, Temizel İ, Kaygusuz A. K-Ar dating, whole-rock and Sr-Nd isotope geochemistry of calc-alkaline volcanic rocks around the Gümüşhane area: implications for post-collisional volcanism in the Eastern Pontides, Northeast Turkey. Mineralogy and Petrology 2014; 108: 254–267.
[50] Kaygusuz A, Åžahin K. Petrographical, geochemical and petrological characteristics of Eocene volcanic rocks in the Mescitli area, Eastern Pontides (NE Turkey). Journal of Engineering Research and Applied Science 2016; 5 (2): 473-486.
[51] Karslı O, Chen B, Aydın F, Şen C. Geochemical and Sr-Nd-Pb isotopic compositions of the Eocene Dölek and Sarıçiçek Plutons, Eastern Turkey: Implications for magma interaction in the genesis of high-K calc-alkaline granitoids in a post-collision extensional setting. Lithos 2007; 98: 67–96.
[52] Kaygusuz A, Öztürk M. Geochronology, geochemistry, and petrogenesis of the Eocene Bayburt intrusions, Eastern Pontide, NE Turkey: implications for lithospheric mantle and lower crustal sources in the high-K calc-alkaline magmatism. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 2015; 108: 97–116.
[53] Eyüboğlu Y, Dudas FO, Thorkelson D, Zhu DC, Liu Z, Chatterjee N, Yi K, Santosh M. Eocene granitoids of northern Turkey: Polybaric magmatism in an evolving arc–slab window system. Gondwana Research 2017; 50: 311–345.
[54] Kaygusuz A, Yücel C, Arslan M, Sipahi F, Temizel İ, Çakmak G, Güloğlu ZS. Petrography, mineral chemistry and crystallization conditions of Cenozoic plutonic rocks located to the north of Bayburt (Eastern Pontides, Turkey), Bulletin of the Mineral Research and Exploration 2018; 157: 75-102.
[55] Vural A. Assessment of metal pollution associated with an alteration area: Old Gümüşhane, NE Black Sea. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 2015; 22:3219–3228.
[56] Vural A, Gündoğdu A, Akpınar I, Baltacı C. Environmental impact of Gümüşhane City, Turkey, waste area in terms of heavy metal pollution. Natural Hazards 2017; 88.
[57] Todd DK. Groundwater, hydrology. 2nd ed. New York: Wiley; 1980.
[58] Winston RB. Graphical User Interface for MODFLOW, Version 4: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 00-315 2000:27.
[59] USPHS. Public Health Service Drinking Water Standards (1962) USPHS, Publication 956. USGPO, Washington, DC, p 1962. 1962.
[60] Li X, Hou X, Zhou Z, Liu L. Geochemical provenance and spatial distribution of fluoride in groundwater of Taiyuan basin, China. Environmental Earth Sciences 2011; 62:1635–1642.
[61] Eby GN. Principles of environmental chemistry. Thomson Edmunds WM; 2004.
[62] Rukah YA, Alsokhny K. Geochemical assessment of groundwater contamination with special emphasis on fluoride concentration, North Jordan. Chemie Der Erde Geochemistry 2004; 64:171–181.
[63] Young SM, Pitawala A, Ishiga H. Factors controlling fluoride contents of groundwater in north-central and northwestern Sri Lanka. Environmental Earth Sciences 2011; 63:1333–1342.
[64] Mamatha P, Rao SM. Geochemistry of fluoride rich groundwater in Kolar and Tumkur Districts of Karnataka. Environmental Earth Sciences 2010; 61:131–142.
[2] Kabata-Pendias A, Pendias H. Trace elements in soils and plants. Boca Raton, FL, USA: CRC Press Inc; 2001.
[3] Jacks G, Bhattacharya P, Chaudhary V, Singh KP. Controls on the genesis of some high-fluoride groundwater in India. Applied Geochemistry 2005; 20:221–228.
[4] Ozsvath DL. Fluoride concentrations in a crystalline bedrock aquifer Marathon County, Wisconsin. Environmental Geology 2006; 50:132–138.
[5] Burnham CW. Magmas and hydrothermal fluids. In: Barnes HL (ed.), Geochemistry of hydrothermal ore deposits. New York: Wiley; 1997:61–123.
[6] Harrison PTC. Fluoride in water: a UK perspective. Journal of Fluor Chemistry 2005; 126:1448–1456.
[7] Kim K, Jeong GY. Factors influencing the occurrence of fluoride-rich groundwaters: a case study in the southeastern part of the Korean Peninsula. Chemosphere 2005; 58:1399–1408.
[8] Rafique T, Naseem S, Bhanger MI, Usmani T. Fluoride ion contamination in the groundwater of Mithi sub-district, the Thar Desert, Pakistan. Environmental Geology 2008; 56:317–326.
[9] Kim Y, Kim JY, Kim K. Geochemical characteristics of fluoride in groundwater of Gimcheon, Korea: Lithogenic and agricultural origins. Environmental Earth Sciences 2011; 63:1139–1148.
[10] Ayenew T. The distribution and hydrogeological controls of fluoride in the groundwater of central Ethiopian rift and adjacent highlands. Environmental Geology 2008; 54:1313–1324.
[11] Kundu MC, Mandal B. Agricultural activities influence nitrate and fluoride contamination in drinking groundwater of an intensively cultivated district in India. Water Air Soil Pollut 2009; 198:243–252.
[12] Ayoob S, Gupta A. Fluoride in drinking water: a review on the status and stress effects. Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology 2006; 36:433–487.
[13] Handa B. Geochemistry and genesis of fluoride-contamination ground waters in India. Ground Water 1975; 13:275–281.
[14] Corbett RG, Manner BM. Fluoride in the ground water of northeastern Ohio. Ground Water 1984; 22:1317.
[15] Sarma DRR, Rao SLN. Fluoride concentrations in ground waters of Visakhapatnam, India. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 1997; 58:241.
[16] Wang Y, Reardon EJ. Activation and regeneration of a soil sorbent for defluoridation of drinking water. Applied Geochemistry 2001; 16:531–539.
[17] Krunić O, Parlić S, PolomÄić D, Jovanović M, Erić S. Origin of fluorine in mineral waters of Bujanovac valley (Serbia, Europe). Geochemistry International 2013; 51:205–220.
[18] Keshavarzi B, Moore F, Esmaeili A, Rastmanesh F. The source of fluoride toxicity in Muteh area, Isfahan, Iran. Environmental Earth Sciences 2010; 61:777–786.
[19] Meenakshi VK, Garg K, Renuka AM. Groundwater quality in some villages of Haryana, India: focus on fluoride and fluorosis. Journal of Hazardous Materials 2004; 106:85–97.
[20] Hu S, Luo T, Jing C. Principal component analysis of fluoride geochemistry of groundwater in Shanxi and Inner Mongolia, China. Journal of Geochemical Exploration 2013; 135:124–129.
[21] Zango MS, Sunkari ED, Abu M, Lermi A. Hydrogeochemical controls and human health risk assessment of groundwater fluoride and boron in the semi-arid North East region of Ghana. Journal of Geochemical Exploration 2019; 207:106363.
[22] WHO. Fluorides and Oral Health: Report of a WHO Expert Committee on Oral Health Status and Fluoride Use, Technical Report Series 846, World Health Organization, Geneva. 1994.
[23] WHO. Drinking-water Background document for development of WHO Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality. Geneva: World Health Organization. 2004.
[24] YSKY. Yerüstü Su Kalitesi Yönetmeliği, Resmi Gazete Sayı: 29797, Tarih:10 Ağustos 2016. 2016.
[25] Vural A. Evaluation of Soil Geochemistry Data of Canca (Gümüşhane-Ne Turkey) By Processing Inverse Distance Weighting and Kriging Interpolation Methods-First Findings. Bulletin of the Mineral Research and Exploration 2019; 158:195–216.
[26] Vural A, Ersen F. Geology, mineralogy and geochemistry of manganese mineralization in Gumushane, Turkey. Journal of Engineering Research and Applied Science 2019; 8:1051–1059.
[27] Vural A, Kaygusuz A, Dönmez H. Geological, Geochemical and Geochronological Investigation of Avliyana Antimonite Mineralization. 8th Geochemistry Symposium. 02-04 May 2018 Antalya: 2018:123–124.
[28] Vural A, Kaygusuz A. Paleozoyik Yaşlı Artabel Plütonunun (Gümüşhane) Petrografik ve Jeokimyasal Özellikleri. 3. Uluslararası GAP Matematik-Mühendislik-Fen ve Sağılık Bilimleri Kongresi. 29 Kasım-01 Aralık 2019. Şanlıurfa, Türkiye: İKSAD; 2019.
[29] Vural A. Investigation of the radiation risk to the inhabitants in the region close to the hydrothermal alteration site, Gümüşhane/Turkey. Journal of Engineering Research and Applied Science 2019; 8.
[30] Topuz G, Altherr R, Schwarz WH, Dokuz A, Meyer HP. Variscan amphibolite-facies rocks from the Kurtoǧlu metamorphic complex (Gümüşhane area, Eastern Pontides, Turkey). International Journal of Earth Sciences 2007; 96:861–873.
[31] Yılmaz Y. Petrology and structure of the Gümüşhane granite and surrounding rocks, NE Anatolia. 1972.
[32] Vural A, Kaygusuz A. Petrology of the Paleozoic Plutons in Eastern Pontides: Artabel Pluton (Gümüşhane, NE Turkey). Journal of Engineering Research and Applied Science 2019; 8.
[33] Kaygusuz A, Arslan M, Siebel W, Sipahi F, Ilbeyli N. Geochronological evidence and tectonic significance of Carboniferous magmatism in the southwest Trabzon area, eastern Pontides, Turkey. International Geology Review 2012; 54:1776–1800.
[34] Kaygusuz A, Arslan M, Sipahi F, Temizel İ. U-Pb zircon chronology and petrogenesis of Carboniferous plutons in the northern part of the Eastern Pontides, NE Turkey: Constraints for Paleozoic magmatism and geodynamic evolution. Gondwana Research 2016; 39:327–346.
[35] Kandemir R. Gümüşhane ve Yakın Yörelerindeki Erken-Orta Jura Yaşlı Şenköy Formasyonu’nun Çökel Özellikleri ve Birikim Koşulları. Trabzon: 2004.
[36] Eren M. Gümüşhane-Kale Arasının Jeolojisi ve Mikrofasiyes incelemesi. Trabzon: 1983.
[37] Pelin S. Alucra (Giresun) Güneydoğu yöresinin petrol olanaklan bakımından jeolojik incelemesi. Trabzon: Karadeniz Teknik Üniversitesi Yayını, Yayın No. 87; 1977.
[38] Tokel S. Stratigraphical and volcanic history of Gümüşhane region. 1972.
[39] Kaygusuz A, Siebel W, Şen C, Satır M. Petrochemistry and petrology of I-type granitoids in an arc setting: The composite Torul pluton, Eastern Pontides, NE Turkey. International Journal of Earth Sciences 2008; 97:739–764.
[40] Kaygusuz A, Siebel W, İlbeyli N, Arslan M, Satır M, Şen C. Insight into magma genesis at convergent plate margins. A case study from the eastern Pontides (NE Turkey). Neues Jahrbuch Für Mineralogie 2010; 187/3: 265–287.
[41] Kaygusuz A, Arslan M, Siebel W, Şen C. Geochemical and Sr-Nd isotopic characteristics of post-collisional calc-alkaline volcanics in the Eastern Pontides (NE Turkey). Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences 2011; 20: 137–159.
[42] Kaygusuz A, Şen C. Calc-alkaline I-type plutons in the eastern Pontides, NE Turkey: U-Pb zircon ages, geochemical and Sr-Nd isotopic compositions. Chemie der Erde 2011; 71: 59–75.
[43] Kaygusuz A, Aydınçakır E. Petrogenesis of a Late Cretaceous composite pluton from the eastern Pontides: the Dağbaşi pluton, NE Turkey. Neues Jahrbuch Für Mineralogie - Abhandlungen 2011; 188:211–233.
[44] Sipahi F, Kaygusuz A, Saydam Eker, Vural A, Akpınar İ. Late Cretaceous arc igneous activity: the Eğrikar Monzogranite example. International Geology Review 2018; 60:382–400.
[45] Karslı O, Dokuz A, Uysal İ, Aydın F, Chen B, Kandemir R, Wijbrans J. Relative contributions of crust and mantle to generation of Campanian high-K calc-alkaline I-type granitoids in a subduction setting, with special reference to the Harşit Pluton (Eastern Turkey). Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 2010; 160: 467–487.
[46] Arslan M, Aliyazıcıoğlu İ. Geochemical and petrological characteristics of the Kale (Gümüşhane) volcanic rocks: Implications for the Eocene evolution of eastern Pontide arc volcanism, northeast Turkey. International Geology Review 2001; 43:595–610.
[47] Güven İ. Doğu Pontidlerin 1/25000 Ölçekli Kompilasyonu. Ankara: MTA Genel Müdürlüğü; 1993.
[48] Kaygusuz A, Arslan M, Siebel W, Şen C. Geochemical and Sr-Nd isotopic characteristics of post-collisional calc-alkaline volcanics in the Eastern Pontides (NE Turkey). Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences 2011; 20: 137–159.
[49] Aslan Z, Arslan M, Temizel İ, Kaygusuz A. K-Ar dating, whole-rock and Sr-Nd isotope geochemistry of calc-alkaline volcanic rocks around the Gümüşhane area: implications for post-collisional volcanism in the Eastern Pontides, Northeast Turkey. Mineralogy and Petrology 2014; 108: 254–267.
[50] Kaygusuz A, Åžahin K. Petrographical, geochemical and petrological characteristics of Eocene volcanic rocks in the Mescitli area, Eastern Pontides (NE Turkey). Journal of Engineering Research and Applied Science 2016; 5 (2): 473-486.
[51] Karslı O, Chen B, Aydın F, Şen C. Geochemical and Sr-Nd-Pb isotopic compositions of the Eocene Dölek and Sarıçiçek Plutons, Eastern Turkey: Implications for magma interaction in the genesis of high-K calc-alkaline granitoids in a post-collision extensional setting. Lithos 2007; 98: 67–96.
[52] Kaygusuz A, Öztürk M. Geochronology, geochemistry, and petrogenesis of the Eocene Bayburt intrusions, Eastern Pontide, NE Turkey: implications for lithospheric mantle and lower crustal sources in the high-K calc-alkaline magmatism. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 2015; 108: 97–116.
[53] Eyüboğlu Y, Dudas FO, Thorkelson D, Zhu DC, Liu Z, Chatterjee N, Yi K, Santosh M. Eocene granitoids of northern Turkey: Polybaric magmatism in an evolving arc–slab window system. Gondwana Research 2017; 50: 311–345.
[54] Kaygusuz A, Yücel C, Arslan M, Sipahi F, Temizel İ, Çakmak G, Güloğlu ZS. Petrography, mineral chemistry and crystallization conditions of Cenozoic plutonic rocks located to the north of Bayburt (Eastern Pontides, Turkey), Bulletin of the Mineral Research and Exploration 2018; 157: 75-102.
[55] Vural A. Assessment of metal pollution associated with an alteration area: Old Gümüşhane, NE Black Sea. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 2015; 22:3219–3228.
[56] Vural A, Gündoğdu A, Akpınar I, Baltacı C. Environmental impact of Gümüşhane City, Turkey, waste area in terms of heavy metal pollution. Natural Hazards 2017; 88.
[57] Todd DK. Groundwater, hydrology. 2nd ed. New York: Wiley; 1980.
[58] Winston RB. Graphical User Interface for MODFLOW, Version 4: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 00-315 2000:27.
[59] USPHS. Public Health Service Drinking Water Standards (1962) USPHS, Publication 956. USGPO, Washington, DC, p 1962. 1962.
[60] Li X, Hou X, Zhou Z, Liu L. Geochemical provenance and spatial distribution of fluoride in groundwater of Taiyuan basin, China. Environmental Earth Sciences 2011; 62:1635–1642.
[61] Eby GN. Principles of environmental chemistry. Thomson Edmunds WM; 2004.
[62] Rukah YA, Alsokhny K. Geochemical assessment of groundwater contamination with special emphasis on fluoride concentration, North Jordan. Chemie Der Erde Geochemistry 2004; 64:171–181.
[63] Young SM, Pitawala A, Ishiga H. Factors controlling fluoride contents of groundwater in north-central and northwestern Sri Lanka. Environmental Earth Sciences 2011; 63:1333–1342.
[64] Mamatha P, Rao SM. Geochemistry of fluoride rich groundwater in Kolar and Tumkur Districts of Karnataka. Environmental Earth Sciences 2010; 61:131–142.
Published
2020-07-04
How to Cite
Vural, A., & Gundogdu, A. (2020). High-fluoride risk and toxicity in surface waters in Gumushane-Gokdere valley drainage network (NE Turkey). Journal of Engineering Research and Applied Science, 9(1), 1323-1334. Retrieved from http://www.journaleras.com/index.php/jeras/article/view/191
Issue
Section
Articles
