Journal of Engineering Research and Applied Science

Contact Pseudo-Slant Submanifolds of Lorentzian Para Kenmotsu Manifold

Suleyman Dirik, Ramazan Sari — Sun, 31 Dec 2023 00:00:00 -0600

The aim of the present paper is to define and study contact pseudo-slant submanifolds of lorentzian para Kenmotsu manifold. We investigate the geometry of leaves which arise the definition of contact pseudo-slant submanifolds of Lorentzian para Kenmotsu manifold and obtaine integrability conditions of distributions. We also consider parallel conditions of projections on study contact pseudo-slant submanifolds of Lorentzian para Kenmotsu manifold

Production / Re-Injection Optimization in Kutahya-Simav Geoethermal Field with Lumped Parameter Modeling

Sedat Toraman — Sun, 31 Dec 2023 00:00:00 -0600

In geothermal reservoir tank modeling is mainly used at the early life of the field when relatively little data is available. Also, the other advantage of tank modeling is that the result is obtained in shorter time during history matching. Because of that reason, tank modeling is used in reservoir which does not have heterogeneous, the fluid in reservoir is not complex and the well doesn’t consist of different geometry structure. Mass and energy balance equations are solved on the tanks for making future performance predictions of pressure and temperature. If production data is available, model parameters that best describe the system could be obtained through history matching. In this study, advantages of tank modeling was considered and we have also pointed out a methodology for determining the best model that represents the system. For this purpose we perform history matching with various models and select the one that matches best the production data and the model that gives the lowest confidence intervals for the model parameters. Effect of temperature is neglected at low temperature geothermal reservoir. Although it is important to make accurate predictions of pressure and temperature, it is more important to make predictions of the uncertainty regarding the pressures and the temperatures. In this study we have used the non-isothermal single tank modelling for performing Kütahya-Simav geothermal field modeling. The scope of the model parameters are determined by using interference test datas. Calibration of model parameter values are realized with JMP statistics program. An interface has been created on computer and field model has been developed using this interface. Model has been revised by defining calibration of the model parameters and uncertainties. After modelling, having been planned the production, changes in pressure and temperature profiles under different type of reinjection scenarios are revealed by taking into consideration that field needs more fluid for city heating in the winter.

Petrography, Mineral Chemistry and Crystallization Conditions of Oligocene Aged Alabalik Volcanics (Oltu-Erzurum, NE Turkey)

Emre Aydincakir — Sun, 31 Dec 2023 00:00:00 -0600

In this study, mineralogical, petrographic, and mineral chemistry analyses of Oligocene-aged Alabalik volcanic rocks (Oltu/Erzurum) in the Eastern Pontides (NE, Turkiye) were revealed. The studied volcanic rocks consist of andesitic, dacitic, and pyroclastic. These rocks consist of plagioclase (An_15-44), hornblende (Mg# = 0,632-0,80), biotite (Mg# = 0,62-0,657), augite (Wo₄₄En₄₂Fs₁₅), and Fe-Ti oxide minerals. They generally exhibit hyalomicrolytic porphyritic, glomera porphyritic, cumulative porphyritic, microlitic porphyritic, poikilitic and intersertal textures. In the studied rocks, disequilibrium textures are observed such as oscillatory zoning, sieve texture and corrosion in plagioclase phenocrysts, and resorbed cores and mantles, rounded crytals, and embayed rims in clinopyroxenes. According to thermobarometric calculations, the crystallization temperatures, pressures and oxygen fugacity values of the studied volcanic rocks range from 800 ^oC to 1027 ^oC, 0.7 to 8.8 kbar, and -15.2 to -9.0, respectively. The amphibole-derived estimated water content in the studied volcanic rocks vary from 2.6 to 8.2%. Al these features suggests that the magmas that forms the studied volcanic rocks had undergone hydrous crystallizations in the shallow to mid-crustal magma chambers.

Green Buildings for Decarbonization and Air Conditioning

Kamil Kaygusuz, Ethem Toklu — Sun, 31 Dec 2023 00:00:00 -0600

Green buildings are energy efficient and environmentally responsible for sustainable human health development. Their design, construction and operational practices that consider sustainability will minimize their negative impact on the environment and people, while taking into consideration the financial impacts. Although solid energy policy architecture is in place, sustainable energy targets are weak, government support is limited, and bureaucratic hurdles for energy investment still frustrate potential investors. Most importantly, many top policymakers do not seem to be ready to play a productive role in designing a forward-looking, sustainable energy policy. The building construction sector has a great potential to reduce total energy consumption through sustainable projects. All over the world policy-makers have already realized the potential and begun setting some governmental goals. This paper discusses the green building concept for sustainable energy development.

Fuzzy Logic Based Energy Efficient Transformer Cooling Control

Hasan Dirik, Cenk Gezegin — Sun, 31 Dec 2023 00:00:00 -0600

Cooling is the most important way that can be used to extend the life of overloaded transformers, especially by reducing the aging rate due to temperature, and to ensure that the transformer can be loaded above its rated power. In addition to increasing the load capacity of the transformer, good cooling is also required to be energy efficient. In this study, an energy efficient transformer cooling control method is presented. The proposed method was developed by revising the differential equations method, which is one of the transformer temperature calculation methods given in the IEC 60076-7:2018 standard. With this method, transformer hot-spot temperatures are calculated. For energy efficient cooling control, transformer winding currents and top-oil temperature are first measured and transformer windings’ loading rates and hot-spot temperatures are calculated. Afterwards, the highest loading rate of the transformer windings and the highest hot-spot temperature value are given to the input of a fuzzy logic controller, and the on-off signals of the cooling fans used to cool the transformer are generated. The fuzzy logic controller performs the fuzzification process with three membership functions for the loading rate and hot-spot temperature, and performs the defuzzification using the Takagi-Sugeno model. The method has been investigated by experiments performed in the laboratory environment using short-circuit experiments on an ONAF cooled transformer with a power of 50 kVA. Test results showed that as the hot-spot temperature and loading rate of the transformer increases, more cooling fans are activated, thus the loading capacity of the transformer is significantly increased energy efficiently.

Comparison of PVsyst, PVSOL and HOMER Simulation Software Results with Real Production Data of Solar Power Plants in Different Provinces of Turkey

Emine Erakman Dirlik, Cenk Gezegin, Shir Ahmad Dost Mohammadi — Sun, 31 Dec 2023 00:00:00 -0600

Fotovoltaik sistemleri simüle etmek için çeşitli simülasyon yazılımları geliştirilmiştir. Araştırmacılar, mühendisler ve yatırımcılar bu simülasyon araçlarını PV enerji santralinin boyutlandırılması, fizibilite, teknik ve ekonomik analiz için kullanıyor. Bu çalışmanın amacı, Türkiye'deki araştırmacılar ve yatırımcılar için gerçek üretim verilerine en yakın simülasyon aracının sonuçlarını karşılaştırmaktır. Bu makalede Türkiye'de farklı coğrafi bölgelerde bulunan 7 adet güneş enerjisi santralinin (GES) fiili üretim verileri PVSyst, PVSOL ve HOMER yazılım sonuçlarıyla karşılaştırılmaktadır. Gerçek santrallerde kullanılan ekipmanlar, eğim açıları ve konum bilgileri gibi bazı analiz verileri üç yazılım aracına girilerek simülasyonlar yapılmıştır. Program çıktıları fiili üretim verileriyle karşılaştırılarak hangi programın Türkiye için daha anlamlı sonuçlar verdiği belirlendi. Simülasyon sonuçlarına göre yıllık sonuçlar incelendiğinde gerçek değerlere göre PVSyst'in sapma oranı -%3,4857, PVSOL'un sapma oranı %9,027 ve HOMER'ın sapma oranı %3,2238 olarak bulunmuştur. üretim verileri. Analizi yapılan bu santraller için en uygun yazılımın HOMER olduğu belirlendi. Bu çalışma, Türkiye'deki güneş enerjisi santrallerinin analizi için en uygun simülasyon yazılımının belirlenmesinde gelecekteki çalışmalara faydalı olabilir.

DFT Study on Mechanism of the Reaction of Acetaldehyde with Isophorondiamine

Mustafa Canberk Fidan, Yunus Kaya — Sun, 31 Dec 2023 00:00:00 -0600

In this study, it was theoretically investigated which of the two different amine (-NH2) groups in the isophorondiamine (IPDA) molecule would react while forming Schiff base. By optimizing the transition states (TS) and intermediate products (IN) of two different Schiff bases (L1 and L2), their energy and frequency values are calculated using DFT B3LYP method and 6-31+G(d,p) basis set with Gaussian package program. All frequency values obtained in a normal frequency calculation are expected to be positive. If all frequency values are positive, it means that all vibration and rotational movements of the molecule are optimized to the minimum. On the other hand, in transition states, the molecule transitions from one state to another, and the movement showing this transition in frequency values is expected to be negative. The decisive step of this reaction is the TS2 transition, which is the second transition state of the reaction. The energy values calculated for the L1 and L2 ligand using the DFT method are 248.22 kJ/mol and 249.21 kJ/mol, respectively. According to the DFT calculations, which is in good agreement with literature, it was determined that the Schiff base would be formed by the amine (L1) which has less steric hindrance.

Performance of Air Source Heat Pump Using the TRNSYS Simulation Program

Sher Shah Amarkhail, Kamil Kaygusuz — Sun, 31 Dec 2023 00:00:00 -0600

The current study introduces a numerical model of the TRNSYS software and MATLAB programming to investigate the efficiency of a heat pump system in the climates of Afghanistan. The simulations incorporate hourly weather data specific to each city and detailed representations of the heat pump systems. The selected heat pump model is an air-source heat pump with specified heating and cooling capacities. A heat pump stands as one of the most widely used devices for converting energy and supplying essential heating and cooling to buildings throughout cold and warm seasons. It is gaining popularity due to its ability to harness clean energy from the environment rather than depending on fossil fuels. This feature makes it more appealing. It can extract heat from the surrounding lower-temperature air and convert it into higher-temperature heat, which can subsequently be utilized for heating structures or generating hot water. However, a significant factor influencing its performance is the combination of high humidity and low outdoor temperatures, which results in a noticeable decrease in the efficiency of the ASHP. This study calculates the heat pumps' performances and energy consumption over a year for each city, considering the dynamic interaction between the systems, the buildings, and the outdoor environments. The results provide insights into the heat pumps' efficiencies, including COP values for heating modes, annual energy consumptions, and indoor temperature profiles. Comparative analyses across the cities allow for the evaluation of the impact of different climates on the heat pumps' performances. The results provide valuable insights for making well-informed decisions regarding energy-efficient heating solutions customized for the unique climates of Afghanistan.

Turkey’s Energy and Climate Change Policy

Kamil Kaygusuz, Ethem Toklu — Sun, 31 Dec 2023 00:00:00 -0600

The problem of energy use and availability is common, to a greater extend, throughout the whole world. Turkey as a industrialized country depends heavily upon fossil fuels for its industrial processes. Energy input always produces some measure of pollution, since waste products occur along with the desired goods. Turkey should change its energy policy from fossils to renewables and clean energy technologies such as nuclear, wind, solar, geothermal and biomass energy. This will help relieve the economy by reducing energy importation, protect the environment by reducing carbon emissions, and provide energy independence. Turkey’s total gross renewable energy potential is about 650 billion kWh annually while the economical potential was about 340 billion kWh/yr. This paper discusses . Turkey’s energy and climate change policy.

Geochemistry and Petrogenesis of the Late Cretaceous Buyukduz Gabbro (Trabzon, NE Turkey)

Abdullah Kaygusuz — Sun, 31 Dec 2023 00:00:00 -0600

Late Cretaceous I-type plutons are widespread in the Eastern Pontides orogenic belt (EPOB), NE Turkey. Although the majority of the plutons in the EPOB are diorite to granite in composition, very few contains gabbro composition. In this study, we report petrographic and whole-rock geochemical compositions of the Buyukduz Gabbro. The rocks of the Büyükdüz Gabbro has a uniform composition and is gabbro in composition. The rocks mainly consist of plagioclase, pyroxene, hornblende and Fe-Ti oxide minerals. They are I-type, low to medium-K calc-alkaline, and metaluminous characters, and have low SiO₂ content (51-53 wt.%) and moderate Mg number (Mg# = 54-59). Decreasing CaO, MgO, Fe₂O₃, TiO₂, P₂O₅, Ni, Y and Sr with increasing SiO₂ contents are consistent with fractional crystallization of plagioclase, clinopyroxene and hornblende. The studied rocks are enriched in large-ion lithophile elements (LILEs) and light rare-earth elements (LREEs). Chondrite normalized REE patterns of the samples are concave shaped (La_N/Yb_N= 3.8-8.8) and display negative Eu (Eu_N/Eu* = 0.77-0.84) anomalies. All these data with regional geology indicates that the parental magma of the studied rocks derived from an enriched lithospheric mantle source in an arc setting.

Smart Hygienic Sunbed

Yasar Sen — Sun, 31 Dec 2023 00:00:00 -0600

Known as a "sun lounger" in the tourism industry, it is a mobile, adjustable single bed for sunbathing and relaxing. Non-contact cleaning of sunbeds forms the basis of disinfection. In this study, the design of the sunbed disinfection system and the installation and application processes of the Arduino controlled spray nozzle system were recorded. In order to make the hygiene conditions that have entered our lives more acceptable, the study aims to make the sun beds that are available to many people during the day more sterile in terms of use.

Investigation of the Natural and Artificial Radioactivity Levels in the Demirkaynak (Koza) Gold Mine Area (Gumushane, Turkiye) from the Perspectives of Environmental Geochemistry and Medical Geology

Alaaddin Vural, Ali Kaya — Sun, 31 Dec 2023 00:00:00 -0600

The aim of this study is to investigate the levels of natural and artificial radioactivity in the soils of the Demirkaynak (Koza) mining site located in Gümüşhane, Türkiye, from the perspectives of environmental geochemistry and medical geology. For this purpose, ten soil samples were collected from selected points considering the lithological, general geological, and alteration characteristics of the site. The natural (²²⁶Ra, ²³²Th, and ⁴⁰K) and artificial (¹³⁷Cs) radioisotope activities of the collected soil samples were measured using appropriate analysis procedures with the Poptop Ortec Gamma-ray detector. The obtained activity values were utilized to calculate the radiation hazard indices of the sampling points, and an evaluation of the mining site soils was conducted within the context of medical geology and environmental geochemistry. The study revealed that the ²²⁶Ra and ²³²Th activities in the soils of the Demirkaynak (Koza) gold mining site did not exceed the weighted world average values (threshold values), while ⁴⁰K activities surpassed the weighted world average values (400 Bq/kg and/or 420 Bq/kg) in some sampling points. The elevated radioisotope activities in the area were found to be associated with intense development of hydrothermal alteration, indicating the effectiveness of alteration processes (potassic, sericitic alteration) in potassium (K) enrichments. The ¹³⁷Cs radioisotope activities in the area reached up to 3.3 Bq/kg, suggesting the presence of anthropogenic enrichment in the region. When considering the calculated radiation hazard indices for the site, it was observed that the absorbed dose rate values and annual effective dose rate values exceeded threshold values in some sampling points, indicating a significant level of radiation risk in the area.

2,5 MW Photovoltaic Solar Power Plant Maintenance, Operation and Design: Konya/Comaklı Case

Unal Kurt, Omer Cikisir — Mon, 08 Jan 2024 10:26:05 -0600

Abstract: In this study, routine maintenance techniques such as planned and unplanned maintenance activities, regular inspections and cleanings, which are the types of maintenance activities in a photovoltaic power plant, are described. A solar power plant with a power of 2.5 MW in the Comaklı region of Konya province was designed by the PVsyst program, and a simulation report was prepared. According to the simulation report, it is seen that the highest energy production is in August, and the lowest energy production is in December. The annual energy the plant supplies to the grid is 4113.7 MWh, and the plant performance ratio is 82%. Since the energy source in photovoltaic solar energy is the sun, there is no depletion of the energy source as in fossil fuels. With the increase in the world population and its dependence on technology, energy consumption is increasing daily. People have started to consume limited resources on Earth to meet their unlimited needs and have begun to turn to renewable energy sources from fossil fuels, which are decreasing daily. Renewable energy sources help to protect the environment by reducing carbon dioxide emissions and reducing foreign dependence on energy. Our country is fortunate in terms of solar energy compared to many countries. The annual sunshine duration is 2,741 hours, and the average yearly total radiation value is calculated as 1,527.46 kWh/m2.

Computer Aided Automatic Fixator Design

Yasar Sen, Hilal Sazoglu — Sun, 31 Dec 2023 00:00:00 -0600

A fixator is a device used in the lengthening of bones (distraction osteogenesis) and in the correction of bone deformities. It is employed for therapeutic purposes in various fields, including orthopaedic trauma, paediatric orthopaedics, deformity surgery, and other surgical specialities. In this study, the computer-aided design (CAD) and system analysis of a fixator device, manually used in the Limb Reconstruction System, for its automated operation have been conducted. The aim of this work is to theoretically achieve the bone lengthening process by employing an electric motor sensitive to a pressure sensor that controls the mechanism used in the bone lengthening process.

The driving motor of the mechanism will be continuously operated by a pressure-sensitive sensor until the amount of bone lengthening reaches the targeted value. Two different materials are utilised in the study. The first involves the design of the fixator in the computer-aided design (CAD) programme, while the second encompasses coding for the system to ensure the motor operates at the desired pressure level. The outputs obtained from the study are analysed to determine whether the fixator accomplishes its task through the motor. The values observed indicate the success of the process. This newly designed fixator system, different from manually operated ones in the literature, will contribute to research in this field with its automatic usability facilitated by a pressure-sensitive sensor, providing ease of use and uniqueness.

Women and Biomass for a Sustainable Energy Development in Rural Regions: Socioeconomic Discussion

Berrin Kursun, Kamil Kaygusuz — Sun, 31 Dec 2023 00:00:00 -0600

A variety of fuel sources like coal, kerosine, cooking gas, electricity, firewood, dung cakes and agricultural wastes are used for cooking purposes. But due to rising costs and short supplies of gas, kerosene and electricity, women resort to greater use of biomass sources – that is, firewood, coal, dung cakes and agricultural wastes - for cooking. Thus, women have the assurance and dependence on biomass fuels as sustainable energy that do not fail them when other sources of energy fail. The aim of this paper is to examine the level of reliability of biomass fuels as sustainable energy. The objectives employed include detail analysis of various biomass fuels and their sustainability factors. Thirty women each, in three typical Nigeria states were approached and the strength of their dependence were evaluated via a questionnaire survey. The findings of the study reveal that reliance on biomass fuels is high because of their affordability, availability and efficiency.

Thermal Processing Technologies for Biomass Conversion to Green Heat, Fuel and Power

Turgay Kar, Omer Kaygusuz — Sun, 31 Dec 2023 00:00:00 -0600

Biomass is now accepted as having the potential to provide a major part of the projected renewable energy provisions of the future. There are three main routes to providing these bio-fuels, such as biological conversion, physical conversion, and thermal conversion. The pyrolysis of biomass is a promising route for the production of solid (charcoal), liquid (tar and other organics), and gaseous products. These products are of interest as they are possible alternate sources of fuels and chemicals. In the experimental study, fast pyrolysis of hazelnut cupula was investigated in a fixed-bed reactor under various conditions. Hazelnut cupula, an agricultural by-product, was selected as raw material for pyrolysis experiments. On the other hand, pyrolysis yields and conversion efficiencies depended mainly on pyrolysis temperatures. 600 °C was the most suitable temperature for decomposition of the hazelnut cupula to reach maximum oil yield.

Analysis of Optimum Thermal Performance of Air Source Heat Pump for Building Heating

Kamil Kaygusuz — Sun, 31 Dec 2023 00:00:00 -0600

Driven by Turkey's dual-carbon goals and the national strategy of clean heating, the application of air source heat pump heating is growing rapidly. This paper analyzes the influence of the equilibrium point temperature selection of low ambient temperature and conventional air-source heat pump heating products in different regions, different energy-saving grades and different building types on the system performance. The results show that there is an obvious difference in the equilibrium point temperature corresponding to the optimal performance of air source heat pump heating in different regions. The equilibrium point temperature of different building types in the same region is different. In the same application situation, the equilibrium point of the low ambient temperature heat pump is generally lower than or equal to the conventional heat pump, the coefficient of performance of the heating season is higher, and has better application performance.