Turkey’s Energy and Climate Change Policy
Keywords:
Renewable energy, sustainable energy policies, climate change policy, Turkey
Abstract
The problem of energy use and availability is common, to a greater extend, throughout the whole world. Turkey as a industrialized country depends heavily upon fossil fuels for its industrial processes. Energy input always produces some measure of pollution, since waste products occur along with the desired goods. Turkey should change its energy policy from fossils to renewables and clean energy technologies such as nuclear, wind, solar, geothermal and biomass energy. This will help relieve the economy by reducing energy importation, protect the environment by reducing carbon emissions, and provide energy independence. Turkey’s total gross renewable energy potential is about 650 billion kWh annually while the economical potential was about 340 billion kWh/yr. This paper discusses . Turkey’s energy and climate change policy.
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[4] Bostanoğlu, N.M. Where does Turkey stand on the International climate regime. Economic Development Foundation, November 2020, İstanbul.
[5] Statistics of Greenhouse Gas Emissions. 1990-2018, TURKSTAT, Retrieved in May 2020 from https://web.tuik.gov.tr/tr/bulletindisplay-from-search/(accessed 10/11/2021).
[6] United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and the Kyoto Protocol, Republic of Turkey Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Retrieved in January 2022 from http://www.mfa.gov.tr/united-nations-framework-conventionon-climate-change-_unfccc_-and-the-kyoto-protocol.en.mfa
[7] Paris Agreement. UNFCCC, Retrieved in July 2021 accessed from https://unfccc.int/process-and-meetings/theparis-agreement/
[8] Republic of Turkey, Intended Nationally Determined Contribution, UNFCCC, Retrieved in September 2021 from https://www4.unfccc.int/sites/submissions/
[9] European Commission. 2021 Turkey Report, Retrieved on 19 November 2021. https://ec.europa.eu//files/20190529-turkey-report.pdf(accessed 17 January 2022)
[10] Turkey’s Energy Profile and Strategy, Republic of Turkey Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Retrieved in June 2020 from http://www.mfa.gov.tr/(accessed 08/12/2021).
[11] ETKB, Enerji ve Tabii Kaynaklar Bakanlığı. Bakanlığın 2021 Yılı Bütçesi TBMM Plan ve Bütçe Komisyonunda, Republic of Turkey, 11.11.2020, Retrieved in November 2020 from https://enerji.gov.tr/haber-detay?id=724
[12] Koronavirüs Tedbirleri Sera Gazı Emisyonunu Azalttı, Ministry of Environment, Urbanisation and Climate Change, 12.06.2021, from https://www.csb.gov.tr/
[13] Istanbul Climate Change Action Plan Summary Report 2018, Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality and İSTAÇ, from https://www.iklim.istanbul/(accessed 01.01.2022)
[14] Greenpeace. Energy [r]evolution: a sustainable Turkey energy outlook. Turkey, 2015.
[15] IEA, International Energy Agency. Energy Policies of IEA Countries: Turkey 2021 Review, OECD/IEA, Paris, 2021.
[16] MENR, Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources. Energy Statistics in Turkey. available from http://www.enerji.gov.tr (accessed date 16 September 2021).
[17] EPDK, Republic of Turkey Energy Market Regulatory Authority. Electricity Market Sector Report 2020. Ankara, 2021.
[18] TEIAS, Turkish Electricity Transmission Company. Percentages of electricity generation by primary energy resources in 2020. TEIAS, Ankara, Turkey, 2021.
[19] WWF, World Wide Fund for Nature. Turkey’s renewable power: alternative power supply scenarios for Turkey. WWF, Istanbul, Turkey, 2014.
[20] DSI, State Hydraulic Works. Energy sources and hydropower in Turkey. Retrieved 10 July 2020, from DSI: http://www.dsi.gov.tr/docs/hizmet-alanlari/enerji.pdf
[21] Kaygusuz, K. Sustainable energy, environmental and agricultural policies in Turkey. Energy Conversion and Management 2010; 51: 1075-84.
[22] Kaygusuz, K. Energy services and energy poverty for sustainable rural development. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 2011; 15: 936-947.
[23] Bilgen, S., Keleş, S., Sarikaya, I., Kaygusuz, K. A perspective for potential and technology of bioenergy in Turkey: Present case and future view. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2015; 48: 228-239.
[24] Kaygusuz, K. Energy for sustainable development: a case of developing countries. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 2012; 16: 1116-1126.
[25] TURKSAT, Turkish Statistical Institute. Environmental statistics compendium of Turkey, Ankara, Turkey, 2014.
[26] Süzer, HS. Why Turkey should aim for 100% renewable energy? Journal of Turkish Policy Quarterly 2013; 12(2): 1-13.
[27] Turkey’s climate transparency report in 2020. at: www.climate-transparency.org
[28] Turkey Energy Outlook 2020. Available at https://enerji.mmo.org.tr/yayinlar/
[29] TSKB, Türkiye Sinai Kalkınma Bankası. Energy Outlook 2020. TSKB, İstanbul, 2020.
Published
2023-12-31
How to Cite
Kaygusuz, K., & Toklu, E. (2023). Turkey’s Energy and Climate Change Policy . Journal of Engineering Research and Applied Science, 12(2), 2369-2381. Retrieved from http://www.journaleras.com/index.php/jeras/article/view/336
Section
Articles
