Textural features of Eocene-aged sandstones from Gumushane (NE Turkiye): Evidence from grain size analysis
Keywords:
Sandstone, Textural characteristic, Grain size, Sorting, Skewed, Grain morphology
Abstract
In the present study, a total of 15 characteristic sandstone samples of Eocene siliciclastic rocks in the Kelkit (Gumushane) area have been examined for their grain size textural parameters. The siliciclastic rocks are generally composed of thin – thick-bedded, light grey, brown-colored sandstones and thin, medium bedded, green, yellowish-brown, greenish grey colored marl intercalated. The mean grain size (Mz) of the sandstone samples ranges from 1.93 to 2.77 ϕ) and is classified as medium-grained - fine-grained sandstone. The Standard deviation (σ1) values of the sample are between 0.27 and 1.07 ϕ and the sandstone samples' sorting range from very well-sorted to poorly sorted. The calculated graphic skewness (Sk) values for sandstone samples range from -0.2 to 0.16 ϕ and are categorized as coarse-skewed and fine-skewed. According to the morphology of grains, the sandstone samples were defined as subangular, subrounded, and rounded. Based on the textural parameter data, Eocene-aged sandstones in the studied area mainly change between texturally mature and immature sandstones. The sandstones are thought to have taken material from bivariate sources, one closer to the basin and the other farther away.
References
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[28] Özyurt, M. Origin of dolomitization in Upper Jurassic-Lower Cretaceous platform carbonates (Berdiga Formation) in the Gümüşhane area PhD, 2019; Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey
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[30] Saydam Eker, C., Korkmaz, S. Mineralogy and whole-rock geochemistry of late Cretaceous sandstones from the eastern Pontides (NE Turkey). Neues Jahrbuch Für Mineral Abhandlungen, 2011; 188(3): 235–256.
[31] Sipahi, F., Kaygusuz, A., Saydam, Eker, Ç., Vural, A., Akpınar, İ. Late Cretaceous Arc Igneous Activity: The Eğrikar Monzogranite Example. International Geology Review 2018; 60: 382–400.
[32] Kaygusuz, A., Arslan, M., Temizel, İ., Yücel, C., Aydınçakır, E., U–Pb zircon ages and petrogenesis of the Late Cretaceous I-type granitoids in arc setting, Eastern Pontides, NE Turkey, Journal of African Earth Sciences 2021; 174: 104040.
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[39] Vural, A., Kaygusuz, A. Geochronology, petrogenesis and tectonic importance of Eocene I-type magmatism in the Eastern Pontides, NE Turkey. Arabian Journal of Geosciences 2021; 14: 467. doi.org/10.1007/s12517-021-06884-z.
[40] Kaygusuz, A., Arslan, M., Siebel, W., Şen, C. Geochemical and Sr-Nd isotopic characteristics of post-collisional calc-alkaline volcanics in the Eastern Pontides (NE Turkey) Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences 2011; 20: 137–159.
[41] Kaygusuz, A., Yücel, C., Aydınçakır, E., Gücer, M.A., Ruffet, G. Petrogenesis of the Middle Eocene calc-alkaline volcanic rocks in the Bayburt area, Eastern Pontides (NE Turkey): Implications for magma evolution in extension-related setting. Mineralogy and Petrology 2022; 116: 379–399.
[42] Saydam Eker, Ç. Geochemical and isotopic characteristics of stream and terrace sediments of the Harsit Stream, NE Turkey. Geochemistry Explorer Environment Analysis, 2017; 17(4): 279–296.
[43] Saydam Eker, Ç. Distinct contamination indices for evaluating potentially toxic element levels in stream sediments: a case study of the Harşit Stream (NE Turkey). Arabian Journal of Geosciences 2020a; 13: 1175.
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[46] Saydam Eker, Ç. Sedimanter Petrographic Properties of Eocene Sandstones and an Approach to Provenance According to Plate Tectonics in the Gümüşhane Region. Geological Bulletin of Turkey 2008; 51(3): 131–148.
[47] Saydam Eker, Ç. Potentially toxic element levels in the Eocene sandstones from Gümüşhane area (NE Turkey). Journal of Engineering Research and Applied Science 2020; 9(1): 1374–1385.
[48] Folk, R., L. Petrology of Sedimentary Rocks, Hemphill Publishing Company Austin, Texas 78703, 1980; p.16–30
[49] McLaren, P., Bowles, D. The Effects of Sediment Transport on Grain-Size Distributions. Journal of Sedimentary Research 1985; 55: 457–470.
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[2] Zeng, D.Y., Wu, S-X. Principal component analysis of textural characteristics of fluvio-lacustrine sandstones and controlling factors of sandstone textures. Geological Magazine 2021; DOI:10.1017/S0016756821000418.
[3] Srivastava, A.K., Ingle, P.S., Lunge, H.S., Khare, N. Grain-size characteristics of deposits derived from different glaciogenic environments of the Schirmacher Oasis, East Antarctica. Geologos 2012; 18(4): 251–66.
[4] Baiyegunhi, C., Liu, K., Gwavava, O. Grain size statistics and depositional pattern of the Ecca Group sandstones, Karoo Supergroup in the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa. Open Geoscience 2017; 9: 554–76.
[5] Baiyegunhi, T.L., Liu, K., Gwavava, O., Baiyegunhi, C. Textural characteristics, mode of transportation and depositional environment of the Cretaceous sandstone in the Bredasdorp Basin, off the south coast of South Africa: Evidence from grain size analysis. Open Geoscience 2020; 12: 1512–1532.
[6] Blott, S. J., Pye K., Radistat, A. Grain size distribution and statistics package for the analysis of unconsolidated sediments. Earth Surf Process Land 2001; 26: 1237–48.
[7] Saydam Eker, C. Petrography and geochemistry of Eocene sandstones from eastern Pontides (NE Turkey): Implications for source area weathering, provenance, and tectonic setting. Geochemistry International, 2012; 50(8): 683–701.
[8] Saydam Eker, C. Organic geochemical characteristics and depositional environments of the Eocene deposits in the Eastern Black Sea Region, NE Turkey. Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects 2013; 35: 413–425.
[9] Aydınçakır, E., Şen, C. Petrogenesis of the postcollisional volcanic rocks from the Borçka (Artvin) area: implications for the evolution of the Eocene magmatism in the Eastern Pontides (NE Turkey). Lithos 2013; 172–173: 98–117.
[10] Aydıncakır, E. The petrogenesis of Early Eocene non-adakitic volcanism in NE Turkey: constraints on the geodynamic implications. Lithos 2014; 208–209: 361–377.
[11] Saydam Eker, Ç., Akpınar, İ., Sipahi, F. Organic geochemistry and element distribution in coals formed in Eocene Lagoon facies from the Eastern Black Sea Region, NE Turkey. Turkish Journal of Earth Science 2016; 25: 467–489.
[12] Kaygusuz, A., Şahin, K. Petrographical, geochemical and petrological characteristics of Eocene volcanic rocks in the Mescitli area, Eastern Pontides (NE Turkey), Journal of Engineering Research and Applied Science 2016; 5 (2): 473–486.
[13] Akaryalı, E., Akbulut, K. Constraints of C–O–S isotope compositions and the origin of the Ünlüpınar volcanic-hosted epithermal Pb–Zn ± Au deposit, Gümüşhane, NE Turkey. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 2016; 117: 119–134.
[14] Aydınçakır, E., Yücel, C., Ruffet, G., Gücer, M.A., Akaryalı, E., Kaygusuz, A. Petrogenesis of post-collisional Middle Eocene volcanism in the Eastern Pontides (NE, Turkey): Insights from geochemistry, whole-rock Sr-Nd-Pb isotopes, zircon U-Pb and 40Ar-39Ar geochronology, Chemie der Erde – Geochemistry 2022; 82 (2): 125871.
[15] Kaygusuz, A., Merdan Tutar, Z., Yücel, C. Mineral chemistry, crystallization conditions and petrography of Cenozoic volcanic rocks in the Bahçecik (Torul/Gümüşhane) area, Eastern Pontides (NE Turkey). Journal of Engineering Research and Applied Science 2017; 6 (2): 641–651.
[16] Topuz, G., Altherr, R., Kalt, A., Satır, M., Werner, O., Schwarz, W. Aluminous granulites from the Pulur complex, NE Turkey: a case of partial melting, efficient melt extraction and crystallization. Lithos 2004; 72: 183–207.
[17] Topuz, G., Altherr, R., Wolfgang, S., Schwarz, W.H., Zack, T., Hasanözbek, A., Mathias, B., Satır, M., Şen, C. Carboniferous high-potassium I-type granitoid magmatism in the Eastern Pontides: The Gümüşhane Pluton (NE Turkey), Lithos 2010; 116: 92–110.
[18] Dokuz, A. A slab Detachment and delamination model for the generation of Carboniferous high-potassium i-type magmatism in the Eastern Pontides, NE Turkey: Köse Composite Pluton. Godwana Research 2011; 19: 926–944.
[19] Ustaömer, T., Robertson, A.H.F., Ustaömer, P.A., Gerdes, A., Peytcheva, I. Constraints on Variscan and Cimmerian magmatism and metamorphism in the Pontides (Yusufeli–Artvin area), NE Turkey from U–Pb dating and granite geochemistry. In: Robertson, A.H.F., Parlak, O., Ünlügenç, U.C., (eds.), Geological development of Anatolia and the easternmost Mediterranean Region. Geological Society of London Special Publications 2013; 372: 49-74.
[20 Kaygusuz, A., Arslan, M., Siebel, W., Sipahi, F., İlbeyli, N. Geochronological evidence and tectonic significance of Carboniferous magmatism in the southwest Trabzon area, eastern Pontides, Turkey. International Geology Rew 2012; 54 (15): 1776–1800.
[21] Vural, A., Kaygusuz, A. Petrology of the paleozoic plutons in Eastern pontides: artabel pluton (Gümüşhane, NE Turkey). Journal of Engineering Research and Applied Science 2019; 8 (2): 1216–1228.
[22] Aydınçakır, E., Gündüz, R., Yücel C. Emplacement conditions of magma(s) forming Jurassic plutonic rocks in Gümüşhane (Eastern Pontides, Turkey). Bulletin of the Mineral Research and Exploration 2020; 162: 175–196.
[23] Saydam Eker, C., Sipahi, F., Kaygusuz, A. Trace and rare earth elements as indicators of provenance and depositional environments of Lias cherts in Gumushane, NE Turkey. Chemie Der Erde-Geochemistry 2012; 72 (2): 167–177.
[24] Saydam Eker, C., Sipahi, F., Akpinar, İ. Organic maturity and hydrocarbon potential of Liassic coals from the Eastern Pontides, NE Turkey. Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects 2015; 37: 1260–1267.
[25] Saydam Eker, Ç., Arı, U.V. Comparison of sandstone and mudstone with different methods for assessing toxic element contamination in the Early–Middle Jurassic sediments of Gümüşhane (NE Turkey). Environmental Earth Sciences 2020a; 79: 444.
[26] Saydam Eker, Ç., Arı, U.V. Geochemistry of the Middle Jurassic sediments in Gümüşhane, north-eastern Turkey: implications for weathering and provenance. Geological Journal 2020b; 55: 4954–4976.
[27] Kara-Gülbay, R., Kırmacı, M.Z., Korkmaz, S. Organic Geochemistry and Depositional Environment of the Aptian Bituminous Limestone in the Kale Gümüşhane Area (NE-Turkey): an Example for Lacustrine Deposits on the Platform Carbonate Sequence. Organic Geochemistry 2012; 49: 6–17.
[28] Özyurt, M. Origin of dolomitization in Upper Jurassic-Lower Cretaceous platform carbonates (Berdiga Formation) in the Gümüşhane area PhD, 2019; Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey
[29] Saydam Eker, C., Korkmaz, S. Source Rock Characteristics and Hydrocarbon Potential of the Late Cretaceous Deposits in the Eastern Black Sea Region, NE Turkey 2008; 30: 1141–1151.
[30] Saydam Eker, C., Korkmaz, S. Mineralogy and whole-rock geochemistry of late Cretaceous sandstones from the eastern Pontides (NE Turkey). Neues Jahrbuch Für Mineral Abhandlungen, 2011; 188(3): 235–256.
[31] Sipahi, F., Kaygusuz, A., Saydam, Eker, Ç., Vural, A., Akpınar, İ. Late Cretaceous Arc Igneous Activity: The Eğrikar Monzogranite Example. International Geology Review 2018; 60: 382–400.
[32] Kaygusuz, A., Arslan, M., Temizel, İ., Yücel, C., Aydınçakır, E., U–Pb zircon ages and petrogenesis of the Late Cretaceous I-type granitoids in arc setting, Eastern Pontides, NE Turkey, Journal of African Earth Sciences 2021; 174: 104040.
[33] Kaygusuz, A., Saydam Eker, Ç. Geochemical features and petrogenesis of Late Cretaceous subduction-related volcanic rocks in the Değirmentaşı (Torul/Gümüşhane) area, Eastern Pontides (NE Turkey). Journal of Engineering Research and Applied Science 2021; 10 (1): 1689–1702.
[34] Köprübaşı, N., Şen, C., Kaygusuz, A. Doğu Pontid Adayayı Granitoyidlerinin Karşılaştırılmalı Petrografik ve Kimyasal Özellikleri, KD Türkiye, Uygulamalı Yerbilimleri Dergisi 2000; 1: 111–120.
[35] Karslı, O., Dokuz, A., Uysal, İ., Aydın, F., Kandemir, R., Wijbrans, R.J. Generation of the early Cenozoic adakitic volcanism by partial melting of mafic lower crust, Eastern Turkey: implications for crustal thickening to delamination. Lithos 2010; 114: 109–120.
[36] Kaygusuz, A., Siebel, W., Şen, C., Satır, M. Petrochemistry and petrology of I-type granitoids in an arc setting: The Composite Bayburt Pluton, Eastern Pontides, NE Turkey. International Journal of Earth Sciences 2008; 97: 739–764.
[37] Eyüboğlu Y., Dudas, F.O., Thorkelson, D., Zhu, D.C., Liu, Z., Chatterjee, N., Yi, K., Santosh, M. Eocene Granitoids of Northern Turkey: Polybaric magmatism in an evolving arc-slab window system, Gondwana Research 2017; 50: 311–345.
[38] Kaygusuz, A., Yücel, C., Arslan, M., Temizel, İ., Yi, K., Jeong, Y-J., Siebel, W., Sipahi, F. Eocene I-type magmatism in the Eastern Pontides, NE Turkey: Insights into magma genesis and magma-tectonic evolution from whole-rock geochemistry, geochronology and isotope systematics, International Geology Review 2020; 62 (11): 1406–1432.
[39] Vural, A., Kaygusuz, A. Geochronology, petrogenesis and tectonic importance of Eocene I-type magmatism in the Eastern Pontides, NE Turkey. Arabian Journal of Geosciences 2021; 14: 467. doi.org/10.1007/s12517-021-06884-z.
[40] Kaygusuz, A., Arslan, M., Siebel, W., Şen, C. Geochemical and Sr-Nd isotopic characteristics of post-collisional calc-alkaline volcanics in the Eastern Pontides (NE Turkey) Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences 2011; 20: 137–159.
[41] Kaygusuz, A., Yücel, C., Aydınçakır, E., Gücer, M.A., Ruffet, G. Petrogenesis of the Middle Eocene calc-alkaline volcanic rocks in the Bayburt area, Eastern Pontides (NE Turkey): Implications for magma evolution in extension-related setting. Mineralogy and Petrology 2022; 116: 379–399.
[42] Saydam Eker, Ç. Geochemical and isotopic characteristics of stream and terrace sediments of the Harsit Stream, NE Turkey. Geochemistry Explorer Environment Analysis, 2017; 17(4): 279–296.
[43] Saydam Eker, Ç. Distinct contamination indices for evaluating potentially toxic element levels in stream sediments: a case study of the Harşit Stream (NE Turkey). Arabian Journal of Geosciences 2020a; 13: 1175.
[44] Güven, I.H. 1/100.000 scaled geological map series of Turkey. No.57-60. MTA Publication, Ankara, 1993.
[45] Johnson M.R. Thin section grain size analysis revisited. Sedimentology. 1994; 41: 985–99.
[46] Saydam Eker, Ç. Sedimanter Petrographic Properties of Eocene Sandstones and an Approach to Provenance According to Plate Tectonics in the Gümüşhane Region. Geological Bulletin of Turkey 2008; 51(3): 131–148.
[47] Saydam Eker, Ç. Potentially toxic element levels in the Eocene sandstones from Gümüşhane area (NE Turkey). Journal of Engineering Research and Applied Science 2020; 9(1): 1374–1385.
[48] Folk, R., L. Petrology of Sedimentary Rocks, Hemphill Publishing Company Austin, Texas 78703, 1980; p.16–30
[49] McLaren, P., Bowles, D. The Effects of Sediment Transport on Grain-Size Distributions. Journal of Sedimentary Research 1985; 55: 457–470.
[50] Pettijohn, F. J., Potter, P. E., Siever, R. Sand and Sandstone, 2nd Edition (Springer, Berlin–Heidelberg–New York), 1987.
Published
2022-12-31
How to Cite
Saydam Eker, C. (2022). Textural features of Eocene-aged sandstones from Gumushane (NE Turkiye): Evidence from grain size analysis. Journal of Engineering Research and Applied Science, 11(2), 2093-2103. Retrieved from http://www.journaleras.com/index.php/jeras/article/view/300
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